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Plumber Erskine Park

We provide plumbing services in Erskine Park, 2759. Plumbing Services Sydney is your local plumber solving plumbing problems, including blocked drains, toilet repairs, bathroom renovations, and commercial plumbing.

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Kiran Jagdishwar

04:41 06 Jun 21

Jason was great to deal with. I obtained 3 plumbing quotes for a commercial property, Plumbing Services Sydney was the only plumber who arrived at the inspection time, and I had a competitive quote the very next day. No gimicks or attempts to gouge for extra work, just a precise and detailed quote for exactly what I wanted and Jason was able to complete the job the very next week. I would highly recommend Sydney Plumbing Services for all of your plumbing needs.

Zac Vereb

04:38 16 Mar 21

I recently bought a house in blacktown, I required the plumbing services , it was quite a hassle to call most of plumbers for quote but most of them were not much responsive and then i called plumbing services sydney for toilet installation, drain unblocking, tap installation and shower repair , they provided best quote and were very responsive. The work was done on time.thankyou boys. keep up the good work

Caroline Morgan

04:28 09 Mar 21

Easy to communicate with and came out on a Sunday for an emergency call out. Very knowledgeable and had all the gear to fix my problem. I would not hesitate to recommend Jason and his team. I’ll be using them again.

Glenn Tavner

09:14 14 Dec 20

Jvr M

21:10 18 Nov 20

Very professional and friendly plumbers. Highly recommended.

Avdic Admir

11:14 24 Oct 20

Very professional, honest and reliable tradesmen. There was regular correspondence and they turned up on time. Jason and Jack were very patient and explained everything in detail to me. They are both very knowledgeable and carried out the work to a high standard. Besides installing a number of taps and basin sets they also installed a tempering valve on my hot water system. They were very tidy and cleaned up afterwards and also took away the old tapware. I would highly recommend them with no hesitation.

Bailey Mcloughlin

05:30 10 Oct 20

Rasesh Koirala (REX)

13:30 01 Oct 20

Mohammed Chudoba

05:37 26 May 20

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OUR PLUMBING SPECIALS & DISCOUNTS

Save! Save! Save! Check more of our new and exciting deals by visiting our plumbing services pages. Call us now on 1300 237 246 to receive savings on plumbing!

In addition to having more than 20 years of experience as a licensed plumber, we are better suited to solve all plumbing emergencies in the greater Sydney area.

Our JG Wilson Plumbing experts take pride in excellent workmanship and are always the best when it comes to providing our clients.

Services of a Plumber

Best Emergency Plumbing Services Erskine Park

Erskine Park local plumbers take pride in building strong relationships with our customers, whether they are residential or commercial.

It takes everybody within our team to be one of the best services. That’s why we take pride in every job we do. As licensed professionals, we commit ourselves at all times to providing every customer with the best possible service and workmanship.

You want your house to be a place you can call home. That is why you need a licensed, honest, dependable, and trustworthy plumber who can fix your plumbing problem at an affordable price. We have recently provided services in the following areas; Plumber Caddens, Plumber Oxley Park, Plumber St Clair, etc.

Why use our plumbing services in Erskine Park?

Just give us a Call 1300 237 246 now, inform our Plumbing Services Erskine Park workforce to fix it for you in no time!

litres of water is wasted a year from dripping tap

of water usage saved by using a energy efficient showerhead

of your washer’s electricity use going to heating water, you’ll save by using cold water

Fixed Price Local Plumbers in Erskine Park

We are also known for our high quality. Our workforce is certified in NSW in addition to holding an honest repute making us one of the best plumbers. Take a look at some of the work we’ve done on Facebook & Google Reviews.

Every time we can, our plumbers will resolve all of your plumbing issues on the same day, that is our guarantee.

Affordable Plumbers is open 24 hours a day for your plumbing needs. This allows us to offer top quality professional service during a time of difficulty.

Our plumbing services are so affordable that you’ll think of us first whenever you think of “Plumber near me” or “Best Plumbing Service Nearby“.

We provide the following plumbing services with the highest quality regularly;

LOVE OUR SERVICE *

Our Plumber Erskine Park team will refund our competitors service call cost up to $100 dollars with with every Repair over $1000 dollars Guaranteed *

The * is conditions apply.
Includes GST Mon-Friday 7am-3:20pm.
Written and supplied quotation to be reviewed, quotation must be within the last 20days from the current date. Doesn’t include CCTV surveys or areas outside the property alignment. Not to be appropriated with any other discount advertised.

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Blocked Drains in Erskine Park

Not realising the place a blockage is coming from can be very irritating.

We use cutting-edge equipment and techniques to locate the blockage and remove it for you. A blocked drains is messy and potentially unhygienic, which is why you should hire an expert team to take care of it and get it working again.

In the event you stay in Erskine Park and have problems with blocked drains, contact our friendly plumbing experts.

Leaking Tap Repairs Erskine Park

It can be really frustrating to have a leaky tap and you may have to spend a lot of money on a new one. Call our plumbing aid hotline today and we’ll fix your taps. We can help.

With our experienced contacts, we can repair your leaking tap so you don’t have to spend all the money needed to buy a new one. Call us now for a free quote from a licensed plumber. Our plumbing professionals will give you clear pricing and recommendations on your tap problems.

Erskine Park Toilet Repairs

Your toilets shouldn’t be giving you any issues because of a blockage, leak, faulty flush or bad odours. We provide the best toilet repair service we can take care of all your toilet problems, restoring your home with a better bathroom.

Providing honest and sensible solutions, we may be able to have your bathroom up and running within days. In addition, our experienced plumbers can help you install a new bathroom system, as well as find the most effective system for your home. For any bathroom repairs, contact us today.

Hot Water Installation Erskine Park

The colder weather means you will need more and more hot water. Our plumbers can install a high-quality hot water system for you. Our trade information will show you how to maintain your hot water system properly.

Hot water system repairs are carried out 24/7 by our certified experts, ensuring your home has the most effective hot water running from all of your taps. Please call us if you’re located in Erskine Park to inquire about the status of your hot water system.

Shower Repairs Erskine Park

Whenever there’s a need for an emergency repair, our team is at your service. We’re a leading shower repairs company in Erskine Park and our experts work 24/7. Repairing showers and baths is an area in which we are experienced and have been doing so for many years.

When you need fast and reliable service for your shower, contact us. With a variety of trade information and cutting-edge tools, we’re confident that we’ll be able to help you.

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Plumber Services Sydney is here for all you plumbing needs 24/7. Call to get a free quote

1300 237 246

About Erskine Park

Erskine Park is a suburb of Sydney in the give access of New South Wales, Australia. Erskine Park is located 42 kilometres west of the Sydney central thing district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is allocation of the Greater Western Sydney region.

Erskine Park is a growing, predominately residential suburb later than some industrial developments. The suburb has a tall school, primary instructor and some local shops. It has two schools, Erskine Park High School and James Erskine Public School.

People who trust our plumbing services in Erskine Park

New Toilet System and Bathroom Plumbing. Called a fair few places and this team is the best by far. Thanking you for an amazing plumbing service.

Gary Duffy

Hot Water Service called and they came the same day and installed my new Gas Hot Water system, thank you so much Plumbing Services Sydney.

Paula Pastao

Plumbing Services Sydney team is highly recommended they have great fixed rates. Honest Team.

Raj Savenneth

Love the work provided by Plumbing Services Sydney team, they fixed my blocked drain fast and came within the hour.

Jane Burgess

Plumbing Services FAQ’S

Some information about plumbing services that a lot of the Erskine Park residents ask for. Looking for something specific? Contact us directly for more information.

Professional plumbers deal with plumbing issues on a daily basis, so they can tell you the cause with one glance, so this is the answer; YES, because not doing so will cost you more time and money. The cost of addressing a plumbing problem yourself will be greater than if you had simply called a licensed plumber. Always hire a licensed plumber such as our Erskine Park plumber team.

Gurgling drains are the result of blockage inside the drain pipes. A blockage in your pipes will cause the water to drain slower hence creating water bubbles, that is what is making the noise.

A sink drains slowly if the pipes in the bathroom, kitchen, or laundry have become clogged. Water cannot freely flow through blocked pipes, so it takes longer for the drain to empty.

As locals, we will make sure you receive our services within a short period of calling us. Our emergency phone number is 1300 237 246.

You can identify a gas leak by looking for the following signs:

A “rotten egg” smell
A constant hissing sound form where the gas supply pipes are fitted
Constant headaches and breathing problems to individuals in the house

Our plumbers at Erskine Park are expert gas fitters and will provide a fast and quality service. As gas is extremely volatile, it needs to be handled by a professional.

We understand that toilets can go faulty at times and need replacement. We provide a quality 24/7 emergency toilet services in Erskine Park.

If you smell gas, we advise you to take precautions, shut off any appliances, and contact us if you suspect it is a gas leak.

We charge by a fixed price book, and have a $0 Call out fee policy if you go ahead with the quote provided on site.

The prices for our plumbing services can be quoted before hand and by a fixed price book policy. They can also be quoted while the plumbing work is taking place. There are no hidden charges during the process. Usually, the rare issues are dealt with in a civil manner when we are digging up things not known in advance that might cause issues to the job.

We operate 24hrs a day, 7 days a week. So in short we are ready to take your call anytime.

Current Plumber Jobs Erskine Park

Plumbing Services Sydney requires a Plumber in Erskine Park with expertise in residential and commercial plumbing. If you possess the right qualifications and can maintain our reputation, then we welcome you to join us. It’s expected that you keep 24 hour attendance records, comply with the COVID 19 and show up at the sites every day. If you have any questions, email us.

A local plumber you can trust

Our plumbers like to live up to our motto ‘service made simple’ allowing our clients to have all their plumbing problems solved without any hassle.

Our qualified plumbers will provide you with the best quality workmanship as soon as you need it. We provide 24 hour emergency plumbing and give a lifetime warranty on all labour provided.

Been in Business For Over 20 Years

No hidden fees or costs

Same day service available

“Service Made Simple.”

GL cousin Maureen Blackie at cabin at Erskine Lakes in New Jersey ca 1959
51351024948_f552473714_c

Azamara Quest Erskine
The cruise ship 'Azamara Quest' fleeing from lockdown captivity in KGV dock, rounds a curve near Erskine en route to Cadiz. 26th July 2021.

Azamara Quest
The cruise ship 'Azamara Quest' is released from lockdown captivity in Glasgow and heads down the Clyde, aproaching the Erskine Bridge (on which I was standing) on 26th July 2021, heading for Cadiz. The green-roofed building in the background is the Golden Jubilee Hospital, an establishment where I've had to spend some time in the past. The other two Azmara ships are expected to follow in a few days.

Старый мост в Мостаре. Вершина технической мысли 16 века
Фото Jocelyn Erskine-Kellie

Statue, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England.
Northumbria University (legally the University of Northumbria at Newcastle) is a UK public university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England. It has been a university since 1992, but has its origins in the Rutherford College, founded in 1877.[6] It holds the Silver Award in the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF). Northumbria University is primarily based within City Campus located in Newcastle upon Tyne city centre with other campuses based in Coach Lane, London and Amsterdam. It is organised into four faculties — Design and Social Sciences, Business and Law, Engineering and Environment and Health and Life Sciences. As of 2019, Northumbria has around 26,450 full-time students and 2,684 academic and research staff. It had a consolidated income of £254 million in 2018/19. Northumbria is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth, Universities UK and the Wallace Group. Northumbria is ranked number one among UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s Young Universities Rankings (2020).[7] Northumbria University has its origins in three Newcastle colleges: Rutherford College of Technology, which was established by John Hunter Rutherford in 1877 and opened formally in 1894 by the Duke of York (later King George V), the College of Art & Industrial Design and the Municipal College of Commerce. In 1969, the three colleges were amalgamated to form Newcastle Polytechnic. The Polytechnic became the major regional centre for the training of teachers with the creation of the City College of Education in 1974 and the Northern Counties College of Education in 1976.[8] The Sutherland Building In 1992, Newcastle Polytechnic was reconstituted as the new University of Northumbria,[9] as part of a nationwide process in which polytechnics became new universities. It was originally styled, and its official name still is, the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (see the Articles of Government[10]) but the trading name was simplified to Northumbria University in 2002. In 1995, it was awarded responsibility for the education of healthcare professionals, which was transferred from the National Health Service. 2017 Testing Accident In 2017, the university was fined £400,000 after a sports science experiment gave volunteers a hundred times the safe dose. Two students volunteering in a study of the effects of caffeine were given a dose of 30g instead of 0.3g, because staff conducting the experiment tried to calculate the dose on a mobile phone calculator and misread the decimal point. Both were hospitalised and one reported loss of short-term memory.[11][12] A court hearing heard that the university had not trained staff in safety and had not carried out a proper risk assessment, and that the dose was above the level known to cause risk of death.[13] 2020 IT Incident On 28 August 2020, Northumbria University's IT infrastructure was the target of a cyber attack. Northumbria University said there had been "operational disruptions across networks and IT systems" on Friday the 28th. Student access to the campus was restricted for the following week. Deputy Vice-Chancellor Peter Francis said in a statement that the university was working with external specialists who launched an investigation. Elsewhere in the city, Newcastle University had also reported a "number of operational issues" but it was not known at this stage whether the two incidents are linked.[14] Campuses and location Northumbria university main campus. United Kingdom City Campus East The university has two large campuses situated in Newcastle and one in London. City Campus, located in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, is divided into City Campus East and City Campus West by the city's central motorway and linked by a £4 million bridge which in 2008 was officially opened by the former Minister of State for Trade and Investment, Lord Digby Jones.[15] City Campus Law and Business Building City Campus East is home to the Schools of Law, Design and the Newcastle Business School (NBS). NBS and Law are housed in one building, and the School of Design is across a courtyard. City Campus East, designed by Atkins, opened in September 2007, winning awards from The Journal newspaper and the Low Carbon New Build Project of the Year accolade. Buildings of Northumbria University City Campus West is home to the Schools of Arts & Social Sciences, Built & Natural Environment, Computing, Engineering & Information Sciences and Life Sciences. Also located on this campus is the University Library, Students' Union building and Sport Central, a £31m sports facility for students, staff and the community which opened in 2010.[8] The Sutherland Building, formerly the Medical School of Durham University,[16] which was a naval warehouse during World War II, and the Dental School of Durham University (1945–78) is the home of Administrative Departments including Finance & Planning and Human Resources, using the space vacated when the School of Law moved to City Campus East. Burt Hall The Students' Union building, at City Campus West, underwent a multimillion-pound makeover with new lobby and recreational facilities, and a refurbished bar and cafe space, in summer 2010. In September 2016 the Sandyford Building was acquired from Newcastle College.[17] In 2018 a £7m building for Computer and Information sciences was opened in City Campus West[18] in place of the demolished Rutherford Hall.[19] Coach Lane A second campus[20] is located 2.6 miles (4 km) outside Newcastle, on Coach Lane, and is known as the Coach Lane Campus at Cochrane Park near the A188 (Benton Road). It is in the Dene ward near Longbenton and round the corner from Tyneview Park; a large Department for Work and Pensions office, accessible via the Four Lane Ends Interchange. The Coach Lane Campus is home to School of Health, Community and Education Studies. Coach Lane Campus has computing and library services; its own Students' Union, and sports facilities, including indoor courts, a fitness suite, outdoor rugby and football pitches, and an all-weather floodlit pitch.[21] A free shuttle bus scheme runs between the two campuses. London Campus The London Campus offers full-time or part-time programmes, from a range of Business, Computing, Cyber, Project Management and Technology focused programmes. International Northumbria University has an international campus based in Amsterdam, Netherlands through a partnership with Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences where it offers accredited postgraduate qualifications and the opportunity for undergraduates to experience overseas studies.[22] Organisation and structure Former Dame Allan's School Northumbria describes itself as a comprehensive university, offering 30 of Britain's 32 most frequently chosen academic disciplines. It specialises in law and business, arts and design, computing, environmental science, built environment, applied healthcare, sports science and psychology, and teacher education. Northumbria University employs more than 3,200 people and offers approximately 500 study programmes[23] through four Faculties: Faculty of Arts, Design and Social Sciences Faculty of Business and Law Faculty of Engineering and Environment Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Press is the university press, established in 2002. It is based in Newcastle upon Tyne and publishes a diverse range of books, including publications on language, photography, biography, travel and music. Newcastle Business School Newcastle Business School logo. Main article: Newcastle Business School In September 2007, Northumbria University opened its new Newcastle Business School building on the site of the former Warner Brothers cinema as part of a £136m city campus east development.[24] Newcastle Business School is the only university in the UK to hold double AACSB accreditation for business and accounting which makes them form part of an elite group of 190 institutions worldwide to hold this.[25][26] As of 2020, The university also holds accreditation for EPAS in 21 different undergraduate programmes, more than any other university in the UK. Newcastle Business School has also developed relations with a wide range of other professional bodies.[26] As a result, the university can offer a wide range of professional exemptions in its programmes such as the Accountancy degree which holds exemptions from many of the top accountancy boards including ICAEW, ACCA, and CIMA. In 2015, Newcastle Business School was the winner of ‘UK Business School of the Year’ at the Times Higher Education Awards.[27] Northumbria Law School Northumbria Law School is located within City Campus East where it shares its building with Newcastle Business School. Northumbria Law School is the largest law school within the north-east of England. It is part of only six institutions outside of London that provides the Bar Professional Training Course.[28] Northumbria Law School is located within City Campus East where it shares its building with Newcastle Business School. Northumbria also offers 'clinical' courses in law accredited by the Law Society and Bar Council. These allow graduates direct entry to the profession. The institution's Student Law Office is a clinical legal education enterprise,[29] where law students participate in a legal advice and representation scheme on behalf of real clients, under the supervision of practising lawyers. The student law office has managed over 7,000 enquiries and represented over 3,000 clients since 2005.[28] In 2013, the university was awarded with the Queens Anniversary Prize in Further and Higher and Further Education for outstanding community work of its student law office.[30][29] Medicine Although the university roots are linked with medicine through the Sutherland building being formerly the Medical School of Durham University, it has not offered medicine as a programme until recently. Northumbria has a joint medical programme through a joint partnership with St George’s University of Grenada.[31] As part of the programme the teaching hours are split between time spent within the Grenada and the United Kingdom. The programme has been expanded in recent years with an increased amount of time that students can spend within the United Kingdom. Academic profile Rankings National rankings Complete (2022)[32]49 Guardian (2021)[33]27 Times / Sunday Times (2021)[34]57 Global rankings ARWU (2020)[35]901–1000 QS (2022)[36] 651-700 THE (2021)[37]351-400 British Government assessment Teaching Excellence Framework[38]Silver Research In the UK Research Assessment Exercise 2008 some research in nine of twelve areas submitted was described as "world-leading".[39] In the 2014 Research Assessment Exercise, Northumbria was one of the UK top 50 for research power and the university which had risen fastest up the rankings.[40] Reputation and Rankings Under Vice Chancellor Andrew Wathey, Northumbria University has climbed to 27th place on The Guardian University league tables.[41] The Times Higher Education World University Ranking (2021) places Northumbria University in the 351-400 range.[42] In the 2014 REF, along with Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy, humanities and arts subjects were the best scoring Units of Assessment.[43] Northumbria is ranked number one among UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s Young Universities Rankings (2020).[7] Student life Sutherland Building main entrance. Northumbria Students' Union is a campaigning and representative organisation. It is a charity currently exempt from registration and is led by five Sabbatical Officers (President and 4 Vice-Presidents) and a 19-member Student Council. Northumbria University Students Union Logo.png The Students' Union offers a range of student activities such as NSU/Community,[44] NSU/Media (Which encompasses NSU/TV, NSU/Radio, NSU/Life and NSU/Snaps),[45] NSU/Rag (Raise and Give),[46] NSU/Societies,[47] NSU/Employability,[48] Duke of Edinburgh awards[49] and Fast Friends.[49] It represents students in academic and non-academic matters through a nationally recognised School Reps and Postgraduate Research Reps Systems. The university building contains several venues for students to socialise in a safe environment, chiefly at Habita (formerly Bar One), Domain (formerly The Venue) and Reds. In 2011, Northumbria Students' Union received the National Union of Students award for best higher education students union.[50] In 2016, Northumbria Students' Union received the National Union of Students award for Student Opportunities and runner up for the Education Award.[51] Due to the city of Newcastle's sister status with Atlanta, Northumbria University runs an annual student exchange programme with Georgia State University, offering students from both institutions the chance to experience student culture in their respective cities. [52] Sport See also: Team Northumbria (netball), Team Northumbria (basketball), and Team Northumbria F.C. Northumbria University rugby team joined the RFU structure in 2007, under the name ‘Team Northumbria’. They won three promotions in as many years. First from Durham/Northumberland 3 in 2008, winning Durham/Northumberland 2 in 2009 and promotion from Durham/Northumberland 1 in 2010. They played at their highest level, in North 1 East until relegation in 2012. The team was then disbanded from the RFU league structure. However, they still play in the Northumberland Senior Cup, winning the cup for the first time in 2015. Honours: Durham/Northumberland 2 champions (1): 2009 Northumberland Senior Cup winners (1): 2015 Notable alumni Sir Jonathan Ive, former Chief Design Officer at Apple Inc. Sting, musician. Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England Alexei Mordashov, Russian billionaire businessman. Jeevan Thondaman State Minister of Sri Lanka Sam Ainsley, artist.[53] Bibiana Aído Almagro, Spanish politician, previously served as Minister for Equality[54] Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England Vera Baird, Victims's Commissioner for England and Wales, former Northumbria Police and Crime Commissioner, former MP for Redcar Tunde Baiyewu, vocalist, lead singer of the Lighthouse Family[55] Amanda Berry, Chief Executive of BAFTA[56] Rodney Bickerstaffe, former General Secretary of UNISON[57] Gavin Brown, art dealer[58] Alan Campbell, MP for Tynemouth Nigel Cabourn, fashion designer[59] Chris Cook, GB Commonwealth and Olympic swimmer Martin Corry, England rugby international, and Leicester Tigers[60] Steve Cram, English athlete and television presenter[60] Ali Dia, Senegalese footballer Rick Dickinson, designer of the ZX81 computer[61] Anke Domscheit-Berg, member of the German Bundestag Robbie Elliott, footballer and coach John Fashanu, footballer and TV personality Toby Flood, England rugby international, and Leicester Tigers[62] Bridget Galloway, Sunderland A.F.C. Ladies and England youth international Mary Glindon, MP for North Tyneside[63] Lady Edwina Louise Grosvenor, prison reformer Scott Henshall, fashion designer[64] Max Lamb, furniture designer[65] Jason Holland, designer[66] Louise Hopkins, artist[67] Ben Houchen, the first Mayor of Tees Valley Sir Jonathan Ive, industrial designer, Chief Design Officer (CDO) of Apple Inc. and Chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London Kevan Jones, MP for North Durham[68] Riley Jones, actor Bharti Kher, contemporary artist[69] Emma Lewell-Buck, MP for South Shields[70] Duncan Lloyd, lead guitarist of Maxïmo Park[71] Guy Mankowski, author[72] Neil Marshall, film director[60] Alexei Mordashov, Russian business oligarch[73] Bob Murray, former chairman of Sunderland AFC Jamie Noon, England rugby international, and Newcastle Falcons player Victoria Pendleton, Olympic cyclist[9] Laura Pidcock, former MP for North West Durham Jonathon Prested, poker player[74] Gerry Steinberg, former MP for City of Durham Sting, musician[75] Alan Tomes, Rugby International Scotland and British Lions Kevin Whately, actor[75] Stewart Wingate, CEO of Gatwick Airport Zeb Kyffin, professional cyclist for Ribble Weldtite Newcastle upon Tyne (UK: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl, locally /njuːˈkæsəl/ (About this soundlisten) new-KASS-əl),[5] often simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Tyne's northern bank, approximately 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.[6] Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius[7][8] and the settlement later took the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. Historically, Newcastle's economy was dependent on its port. In particular, its status as one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres.[9] Today, the city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities, as well as part of the Eurocities network.[10][11][12] Famous landmarks in Newcastle include the Tyne Bridge; the Swing Bridge; the Millennium Bridge; Newcastle Castle; Grey's Monument; and the Theatre Royal. Culturally, Newcastle is famed for its nightlife; bakery chain Greggs; television personalities Ant & Dec; the Great North Run half-marathon; and Newcastle United Football Club. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself.[13][14][15][16] The city and the surrounding area created the new metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[16] Newcastle is locally governed by Newcastle City Council. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius ("Hadrian's bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields.[17] The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,[18] and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion. [19] Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon and Norman After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).[20] Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.[21] After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.[22] Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080.[21] The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.[21] The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.[21] The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.[21] Middle Ages Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland[13][14][15][16] and made a county of itself by Henry IV.[13][14][15][16] Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.[23] The town had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.[24] A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century,[25] to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.[13][16] 16th to 19th centuries An engraving by William Miller of Newcastle in 1832 From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538.[26] The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.[27] In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur Timothy Dexter, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.[28][29] Victoria Tunnel[30] In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.[31] They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population.[32] Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.[33] Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.[34] In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.[35] Newcastle city centre, 1917 In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge,[36] and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793,[36] with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century.[36] Some founder members of the Literary and Philosophical Society were abolitionists.[37] Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.[38] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.[39] The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.[40] The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.[41] In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.[42] This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.[43] In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.[44] The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2+1⁄2-mile (4 km) Victoria Tunnel, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes.[45] On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb.[46][47] Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.[48] Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour,[49] Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.[50] 20th and 21st centuries Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.[51] The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant[52] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.[53] With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901[54] and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.[55] Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,[56] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.[57] Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.[58] Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,[59] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013 [60] The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.[60] The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[61] View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954 Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954 During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.[62] A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.[63] The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as Newcastle University), which was founded in 1963,[64] followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the Northumbria University.[65] Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.[66] New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.[67] Based at St James' Park since 1886, Newcastle United F.C. became Football League members in 1893.[68] They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six FA Cups (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969.[69] They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for Blackburn Rovers and England striker Alan Shearer, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.[70] In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[71][72][73] In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.[74][75] In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.[76] Geography Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland. The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.[77] In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close. The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,[78] largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city[79][80] and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner,[81] describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet John Betjeman said of Grey Street, “As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning.”[82] The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners.[83][84] In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.[85] A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. 360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is Leazes Park, first opened to the public in 1873[86] after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions. View of St James’ Park and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead Another major green space in the city is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together[87][88] and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it.[87][88] The right extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof,[89] King Harald V of Norway,[90] Bobby Robson,[91] Alan Shearer,[92] the late Nelson Mandela[93] and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[94] The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.[95] In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is Exhibition Park, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. From 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.[96] Ouseburn The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the river finally reaches the River Tyne. The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.[97] The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.[97] Quayside Quayside architecture The area around the Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.[98] Large-scale regeneration efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the Millenium Bridge - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (the venue for the Turner Prize 2011)[99] and the Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces. Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside are the Tyne Salmon Cubes; a celebration of the River Tyne salmon[100] Grainger Town Main article: Grainger Town Grainger Street, circa 1906 The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street.[101] These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.[102] Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. Grey's Monument Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue,[103] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.[104] The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.[105] The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.[106] At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.[106] The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.[106] With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.[106] The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.[105] The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith, the leader of Newcastle City Council. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson, a property developer from Pontefract, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.[107] Chinatown Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.[108] Housing The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.[109] Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.[110] In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.[111] Significant Newcastle housing developments include Ralph Erskine's the Byker Wall designed in the 1960s, and now Grade II* listed. It is on UNESCO's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.[112] Climate Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh.[113] Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) on 3 August 1990[114] down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.[115] Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English Cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen, Denmark and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. Climate data for Newcastle (Met Office Durham) Extremes Newcastle MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear Record high °C (°F)14.0 (57.2)14.0 (57.2)21.0 (69.8)21.0 (69.8)25.0 (77.0)26.0 (78.8)29.0 (84.2)32.5 (90.5)21.0 (69.8)20.0 (68.0)18.0 (64.4)15.0 (59.0)32.5 (90.5) Average high °C (°F)6.6 (43.9)7.2 (45.0)9.5 (49.1)11.9 (53.4)15.0 (59.0)17.6 (63.7)20.1 (68.2)19.8 (67.6)17.2 (63.0)13.3 (55.9)9.4 (48.9)6.7 (44.1)12.9 (55.2) Daily mean °C (°F)3.8 (38.8)4.1 (39.4)5.9 (42.6)7.8 (46.0)10.6 (51.1)13.3 (55.9)15.6 (60.1)15.4 (59.7)13.1 (55.6)9.8 (49.6)6.4 (43.5)3.9 (39.0)9.2 (48.6) Average low °C (°F)0.9 (33.6)0.9 (33.6)2.3 (36.1)3.7 (38.7)6.1 (43.0)9.0 (48.2)11.1 (52.0)11.0 (51.8)9.0 (48.2)6.3 (43.3)3.4 (38.1)1.1 (34.0)5.4 (41.7) Record low °C (°F)−12.6 (9.3)−3.0 (26.6)−9.0 (15.8)−2.0 (28.4)−1.0 (30.2)1.0 (33.8)6.0 (42.8)3.0 (37.4)0.0 (32.0)−5.0 (23.0)−11.0 (12.2)−14.0 (6.8)−14.0 (6.8) Average rainfall mm (inches)52.3 (2.06)41.8 (1.65)44.6 (1.76)52.7 (2.07)44.2 (1.74)55.4 (2.18)54.0 (2.13)60.8 (2.39)55.4 (2.18)60.9 (2.40)72.0 (2.83)57.0 (2.24)651.1 (25.63) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.49.39.79.59.29.79.09.69.311.312.311.7122 Mean monthly sunshine hours58.680.3115.5150.3181.7164.8172.3167.3134.5102.866.451.21,445.4 Source: Met Office[116] Environment Main article: North East Green Belt The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.[117] The green belts stated aims[118] are to: Prevent the merging of settlements Safeguard the countryside from encroachment Check unrestricted urban sprawl Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt. The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first carbon neutral city"[119] however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.[120] Culture Nightlife The Gate complex on Newgate Street is a nightlife destination The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. 1 tourist attraction.[121] In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin)[122] and seventh place in the world.[123] There are many bars on the Bigg Market and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars), Neville Street, the Central Station area, Osborne Road in Jesmond and the wider Ouseburn area - home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars, the Quayside, and “The Gate", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular nightlife in the past decade and a half.[124] Newcastle's LGBT+ bars are focused on 'The Pink Triangle' in Times Square, surrounded by the Centre for Life.[125][126] Bigg Market Food The UK's largest bakery chain, Greggs, was founded and is headquartered in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world.[127] Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake. In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.[85] Newcastle is one of the seven UK cities with its own Chinatown, appropriately containing many Chinese restaurants. Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including Greek, Mexican, Spanish, Indian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Malaysian, French, American, Mongolian, Moroccan, Thai, Polish, Vietnamese and Lebanese. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's gourmet restaurant industry in recent years.[128][129][130] Theatre The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.[131] It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. Theatre Royal, Grey Street The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green.[132] It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.[133] The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.[134] Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre, Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.[135] Literature and libraries Avison Library on New Bridge Street West. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.[136] The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.[137][138] The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.[132] Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.[137] The old City library designed by Basil Spence,[139] was demolished in 2006[139] and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009[140] and was named after 18th century composer Charles Avison; the building was opened by Dr Herbert Loebl.[140] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.[141][142] Festivals and fairs In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.[143] The Newcastle Beer Festival, organised by CAMRA takes place in April each year.[144] Evolution Festival, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".[145][146] The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.[147][148] The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.[149] Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park.[150] The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.[151][152] The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.[153] Newcastle Mela, held on the late August Bank Holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures.[154] NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September.[155] In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.[156] The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.[157] Music Sting, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band The Police. See also: List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, Blaydon Races. The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go[158] on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting,[159] Bryan Ferry,[160] Dire Straits[161] and more recently Maxïmo Park.[162] There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock. Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC, with whom he'd release Back in Black, the 2nd best-selling studio album of all time,[163] and the 4th biggest seller in the USA.[163] Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler. His song "Local Hero" is played at St. James Park before the start of every Newcastle United home game.[164] Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982),[165] previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions, the management of The Lighthouse Family and home to recent successes Editors and Sirens. The 1990s boom in progressive house music saw the city's Global Underground record label publish mix CDs by the likes of Sasha, Paul Oakenfold, James Lavelle, and Danny Howells recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from Deep Dish and Adam Freeland.[166] Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the Royal Northern Sinfonia, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at The Sage, Gateshead. ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. Concert venues Metro Radio Arena The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest music venue in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat Metro Radio Arena, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.[167][168] Newcastle City Hall is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".[167] Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host indie and alternative bands.[167] On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity O2 Academy Newcastle opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by The Beatles and The Who.[169] The new venue was headlined by The Futureheads on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including Adele, Arctic Monkeys, Katy Perry, The Libertines, Blondie and Amy Winehouse.[170] O2 Academy Newcastle The Riverside music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted Nirvana's first European show in 1989.[171] The venue also welcomed Oasis, David Bowie and The Stone Roses and was named Best Regional Venue by NME in 1993.[172] Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.[173] In 2016 open-air concerts will take place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.[174][175][176] The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.[177] The Cluny in Ouseburn Valley is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".[178] Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and metal shows,[167] and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".[179] Independent Cinema Tyneside Cinema, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of Ridley and Tony Scott.[180] Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous Tyneside Cinema,[181] located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott[180] and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.[182] The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic[183] —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans. Museums and galleries There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life[184] with its Science Village;[185] the Discovery Museum[186] a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum;[187] in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);[188] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books;[141][142] the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;[189] and the Newburn Motor Museum.[190] The Laing Art Gallery, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the Google Cultural Institute,[191][192] an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. TV and film See also: Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne and Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939),[193] though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.[194] The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.[195] As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for I, Daniel Blake (2016) which won the Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival as well as the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film. The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000),[196] The One and Only (2002)[197] and Goal![198] have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.[199] The Bollywood film Hum Tum Aur Ghost (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around Grainger Town.[200] The film Public Sex (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge. Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.[201] Economy See also: List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. Newcastle is the commercial, educational and the cultural hub of North East England. Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA.[202] This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in Newcastle's Central Business District, located in the centre of the city (bounded by the Haymarket, Central Station and the Quayside areas). The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.[203] The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.[204] Retail South entrance of Northumberland Street In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.[205] There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.[206] It incorporates a Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis & Partners stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridge, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first department store.[207] Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),[208] a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,[209] sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.[208][209] Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.[210] The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.[211] This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.[212] Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.[213] It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest Fenwick department store, which houses some of the most luxurious designer labels, and one of the largest Marks and Spencer stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. On Blackett Street can be found the silversmith Reid & Sons which was established in the city in 1788.[214] Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.[215] Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead. Population Jesmond has become an affluent area and is popular with students. Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill is home to one of the largest Asian communities in North East England. Gosforth High Street in the north of the city. According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.[216] Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.[217] The wider metropolitan area of Tyneside-Wearside has a population of approximately 1,122,000. Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from Newcastle and Northumbria universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include Jesmond, Shieldfield, Gosforth, Sandyford, Spital Tongues and Heaton.[218] YearPopulation 180133,322 185180,184 1901246,905 1911293,944 1921309,820 1931326,576 1941333,286 1951340,155 1961323,844 1971308,317 1981272,923 1991277,723 2001259,573 2011292,200 Demographics Age According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years. Religion From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.[219] Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation. Ethnicity and nationality According to the 2011 census,[220] the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately white, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). Asians made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% Pakistani, 1.7% 'Bangladeshi', 1.8% 'Indian', 2.2% 'Chinese', 1.8% 'Asian other'). Black people make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is 'Arab' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities. Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick, Wingrove and Arthurs Hill.[221] According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).[221] In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.[222][223] Geordies Main article: Geordie The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.[224] Dialect The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words w

Monochrome, Statue, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England.
Northumbria University (legally the University of Northumbria at Newcastle) is a UK public university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North East of England. It has been a university since 1992, but has its origins in the Rutherford College, founded in 1877.[6] It holds the Silver Award in the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF). Northumbria University is primarily based within City Campus located in Newcastle upon Tyne city centre with other campuses based in Coach Lane, London and Amsterdam. It is organised into four faculties — Design and Social Sciences, Business and Law, Engineering and Environment and Health and Life Sciences. As of 2019, Northumbria has around 26,450 full-time students and 2,684 academic and research staff. It had a consolidated income of £254 million in 2018/19. Northumbria is a member of AACSB, the Association of Commonwealth, Universities UK and the Wallace Group. Northumbria is ranked number one among UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s Young Universities Rankings (2020).[7] Northumbria University has its origins in three Newcastle colleges: Rutherford College of Technology, which was established by John Hunter Rutherford in 1877 and opened formally in 1894 by the Duke of York (later King George V), the College of Art & Industrial Design and the Municipal College of Commerce. In 1969, the three colleges were amalgamated to form Newcastle Polytechnic. The Polytechnic became the major regional centre for the training of teachers with the creation of the City College of Education in 1974 and the Northern Counties College of Education in 1976.[8] The Sutherland Building In 1992, Newcastle Polytechnic was reconstituted as the new University of Northumbria,[9] as part of a nationwide process in which polytechnics became new universities. It was originally styled, and its official name still is, the University of Northumbria at Newcastle (see the Articles of Government[10]) but the trading name was simplified to Northumbria University in 2002. In 1995, it was awarded responsibility for the education of healthcare professionals, which was transferred from the National Health Service. 2017 Testing Accident In 2017, the university was fined £400,000 after a sports science experiment gave volunteers a hundred times the safe dose. Two students volunteering in a study of the effects of caffeine were given a dose of 30g instead of 0.3g, because staff conducting the experiment tried to calculate the dose on a mobile phone calculator and misread the decimal point. Both were hospitalised and one reported loss of short-term memory.[11][12] A court hearing heard that the university had not trained staff in safety and had not carried out a proper risk assessment, and that the dose was above the level known to cause risk of death.[13] 2020 IT Incident On 28 August 2020, Northumbria University's IT infrastructure was the target of a cyber attack. Northumbria University said there had been "operational disruptions across networks and IT systems" on Friday the 28th. Student access to the campus was restricted for the following week. Deputy Vice-Chancellor Peter Francis said in a statement that the university was working with external specialists who launched an investigation. Elsewhere in the city, Newcastle University had also reported a "number of operational issues" but it was not known at this stage whether the two incidents are linked.[14] Campuses and location Northumbria university main campus. United Kingdom City Campus East The university has two large campuses situated in Newcastle and one in London. City Campus, located in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, is divided into City Campus East and City Campus West by the city's central motorway and linked by a £4 million bridge which in 2008 was officially opened by the former Minister of State for Trade and Investment, Lord Digby Jones.[15] City Campus Law and Business Building City Campus East is home to the Schools of Law, Design and the Newcastle Business School (NBS). NBS and Law are housed in one building, and the School of Design is across a courtyard. City Campus East, designed by Atkins, opened in September 2007, winning awards from The Journal newspaper and the Low Carbon New Build Project of the Year accolade. Buildings of Northumbria University City Campus West is home to the Schools of Arts & Social Sciences, Built & Natural Environment, Computing, Engineering & Information Sciences and Life Sciences. Also located on this campus is the University Library, Students' Union building and Sport Central, a £31m sports facility for students, staff and the community which opened in 2010.[8] The Sutherland Building, formerly the Medical School of Durham University,[16] which was a naval warehouse during World War II, and the Dental School of Durham University (1945–78) is the home of Administrative Departments including Finance & Planning and Human Resources, using the space vacated when the School of Law moved to City Campus East. Burt Hall The Students' Union building, at City Campus West, underwent a multimillion-pound makeover with new lobby and recreational facilities, and a refurbished bar and cafe space, in summer 2010. In September 2016 the Sandyford Building was acquired from Newcastle College.[17] In 2018 a £7m building for Computer and Information sciences was opened in City Campus West[18] in place of the demolished Rutherford Hall.[19] Coach Lane A second campus[20] is located 2.6 miles (4 km) outside Newcastle, on Coach Lane, and is known as the Coach Lane Campus at Cochrane Park near the A188 (Benton Road). It is in the Dene ward near Longbenton and round the corner from Tyneview Park; a large Department for Work and Pensions office, accessible via the Four Lane Ends Interchange. The Coach Lane Campus is home to School of Health, Community and Education Studies. Coach Lane Campus has computing and library services; its own Students' Union, and sports facilities, including indoor courts, a fitness suite, outdoor rugby and football pitches, and an all-weather floodlit pitch.[21] A free shuttle bus scheme runs between the two campuses. London Campus The London Campus offers full-time or part-time programmes, from a range of Business, Computing, Cyber, Project Management and Technology focused programmes. International Northumbria University has an international campus based in Amsterdam, Netherlands through a partnership with Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences where it offers accredited postgraduate qualifications and the opportunity for undergraduates to experience overseas studies.[22] Organisation and structure Former Dame Allan's School Northumbria describes itself as a comprehensive university, offering 30 of Britain's 32 most frequently chosen academic disciplines. It specialises in law and business, arts and design, computing, environmental science, built environment, applied healthcare, sports science and psychology, and teacher education. Northumbria University employs more than 3,200 people and offers approximately 500 study programmes[23] through four Faculties: Faculty of Arts, Design and Social Sciences Faculty of Business and Law Faculty of Engineering and Environment Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Press is the university press, established in 2002. It is based in Newcastle upon Tyne and publishes a diverse range of books, including publications on language, photography, biography, travel and music. Newcastle Business School Newcastle Business School logo. Main article: Newcastle Business School In September 2007, Northumbria University opened its new Newcastle Business School building on the site of the former Warner Brothers cinema as part of a £136m city campus east development.[24] Newcastle Business School is the only university in the UK to hold double AACSB accreditation for business and accounting which makes them form part of an elite group of 190 institutions worldwide to hold this.[25][26] As of 2020, The university also holds accreditation for EPAS in 21 different undergraduate programmes, more than any other university in the UK. Newcastle Business School has also developed relations with a wide range of other professional bodies.[26] As a result, the university can offer a wide range of professional exemptions in its programmes such as the Accountancy degree which holds exemptions from many of the top accountancy boards including ICAEW, ACCA, and CIMA. In 2015, Newcastle Business School was the winner of ‘UK Business School of the Year’ at the Times Higher Education Awards.[27] Northumbria Law School Northumbria Law School is located within City Campus East where it shares its building with Newcastle Business School. Northumbria Law School is the largest law school within the north-east of England. It is part of only six institutions outside of London that provides the Bar Professional Training Course.[28] Northumbria Law School is located within City Campus East where it shares its building with Newcastle Business School. Northumbria also offers 'clinical' courses in law accredited by the Law Society and Bar Council. These allow graduates direct entry to the profession. The institution's Student Law Office is a clinical legal education enterprise,[29] where law students participate in a legal advice and representation scheme on behalf of real clients, under the supervision of practising lawyers. The student law office has managed over 7,000 enquiries and represented over 3,000 clients since 2005.[28] In 2013, the university was awarded with the Queens Anniversary Prize in Further and Higher and Further Education for outstanding community work of its student law office.[30][29] Medicine Although the university roots are linked with medicine through the Sutherland building being formerly the Medical School of Durham University, it has not offered medicine as a programme until recently. Northumbria has a joint medical programme through a joint partnership with St George’s University of Grenada.[31] As part of the programme the teaching hours are split between time spent within the Grenada and the United Kingdom. The programme has been expanded in recent years with an increased amount of time that students can spend within the United Kingdom. Academic profile Rankings National rankings Complete (2022)[32]49 Guardian (2021)[33]27 Times / Sunday Times (2021)[34]57 Global rankings ARWU (2020)[35]901–1000 QS (2022)[36] 651-700 THE (2021)[37]351-400 British Government assessment Teaching Excellence Framework[38]Silver Research In the UK Research Assessment Exercise 2008 some research in nine of twelve areas submitted was described as "world-leading".[39] In the 2014 Research Assessment Exercise, Northumbria was one of the UK top 50 for research power and the university which had risen fastest up the rankings.[40] Reputation and Rankings Under Vice Chancellor Andrew Wathey, Northumbria University has climbed to 27th place on The Guardian University league tables.[41] The Times Higher Education World University Ranking (2021) places Northumbria University in the 351-400 range.[42] In the 2014 REF, along with Allied Health Professions, Dentistry, Nursing and Pharmacy, humanities and arts subjects were the best scoring Units of Assessment.[43] Northumbria is ranked number one among UK universities in the Times Higher Education’s Young Universities Rankings (2020).[7] Student life Sutherland Building main entrance. Northumbria Students' Union is a campaigning and representative organisation. It is a charity currently exempt from registration and is led by five Sabbatical Officers (President and 4 Vice-Presidents) and a 19-member Student Council. Northumbria University Students Union Logo.png The Students' Union offers a range of student activities such as NSU/Community,[44] NSU/Media (Which encompasses NSU/TV, NSU/Radio, NSU/Life and NSU/Snaps),[45] NSU/Rag (Raise and Give),[46] NSU/Societies,[47] NSU/Employability,[48] Duke of Edinburgh awards[49] and Fast Friends.[49] It represents students in academic and non-academic matters through a nationally recognised School Reps and Postgraduate Research Reps Systems. The university building contains several venues for students to socialise in a safe environment, chiefly at Habita (formerly Bar One), Domain (formerly The Venue) and Reds. In 2011, Northumbria Students' Union received the National Union of Students award for best higher education students union.[50] In 2016, Northumbria Students' Union received the National Union of Students award for Student Opportunities and runner up for the Education Award.[51] Due to the city of Newcastle's sister status with Atlanta, Northumbria University runs an annual student exchange programme with Georgia State University, offering students from both institutions the chance to experience student culture in their respective cities. [52] Sport See also: Team Northumbria (netball), Team Northumbria (basketball), and Team Northumbria F.C. Northumbria University rugby team joined the RFU structure in 2007, under the name ‘Team Northumbria’. They won three promotions in as many years. First from Durham/Northumberland 3 in 2008, winning Durham/Northumberland 2 in 2009 and promotion from Durham/Northumberland 1 in 2010. They played at their highest level, in North 1 East until relegation in 2012. The team was then disbanded from the RFU league structure. However, they still play in the Northumberland Senior Cup, winning the cup for the first time in 2015. Honours: Durham/Northumberland 2 champions (1): 2009 Northumberland Senior Cup winners (1): 2015 Notable alumni Sir Jonathan Ive, former Chief Design Officer at Apple Inc. Sting, musician. Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England Alexei Mordashov, Russian billionaire businessman. Jeevan Thondaman State Minister of Sri Lanka Sam Ainsley, artist.[53] Bibiana Aído Almagro, Spanish politician, previously served as Minister for Equality[54] Chris Whitty, Chief Medical Officer for England Vera Baird, Victims's Commissioner for England and Wales, former Northumbria Police and Crime Commissioner, former MP for Redcar Tunde Baiyewu, vocalist, lead singer of the Lighthouse Family[55] Amanda Berry, Chief Executive of BAFTA[56] Rodney Bickerstaffe, former General Secretary of UNISON[57] Gavin Brown, art dealer[58] Alan Campbell, MP for Tynemouth Nigel Cabourn, fashion designer[59] Chris Cook, GB Commonwealth and Olympic swimmer Martin Corry, England rugby international, and Leicester Tigers[60] Steve Cram, English athlete and television presenter[60] Ali Dia, Senegalese footballer Rick Dickinson, designer of the ZX81 computer[61] Anke Domscheit-Berg, member of the German Bundestag Robbie Elliott, footballer and coach John Fashanu, footballer and TV personality Toby Flood, England rugby international, and Leicester Tigers[62] Bridget Galloway, Sunderland A.F.C. Ladies and England youth international Mary Glindon, MP for North Tyneside[63] Lady Edwina Louise Grosvenor, prison reformer Scott Henshall, fashion designer[64] Max Lamb, furniture designer[65] Jason Holland, designer[66] Louise Hopkins, artist[67] Ben Houchen, the first Mayor of Tees Valley Sir Jonathan Ive, industrial designer, Chief Design Officer (CDO) of Apple Inc. and Chancellor of the Royal College of Art in London Kevan Jones, MP for North Durham[68] Riley Jones, actor Bharti Kher, contemporary artist[69] Emma Lewell-Buck, MP for South Shields[70] Duncan Lloyd, lead guitarist of Maxïmo Park[71] Guy Mankowski, author[72] Neil Marshall, film director[60] Alexei Mordashov, Russian business oligarch[73] Bob Murray, former chairman of Sunderland AFC Jamie Noon, England rugby international, and Newcastle Falcons player Victoria Pendleton, Olympic cyclist[9] Laura Pidcock, former MP for North West Durham Jonathon Prested, poker player[74] Gerry Steinberg, former MP for City of Durham Sting, musician[75] Alan Tomes, Rugby International Scotland and British Lions Kevin Whately, actor[75] Stewart Wingate, CEO of Gatwick Airport Zeb Kyffin, professional cyclist for Ribble Weldtite Newcastle upon Tyne (UK: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl, locally /njuːˈkæsəl/ (About this soundlisten) new-KASS-əl),[5] often simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Tyne's northern bank, approximately 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.[6] Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius[7][8] and the settlement later took the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. Historically, Newcastle's economy was dependent on its port. In particular, its status as one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres.[9] Today, the city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities, as well as part of the Eurocities network.[10][11][12] Famous landmarks in Newcastle include the Tyne Bridge; the Swing Bridge; the Millennium Bridge; Newcastle Castle; Grey's Monument; and the Theatre Royal. Culturally, Newcastle is famed for its nightlife; bakery chain Greggs; television personalities Ant & Dec; the Great North Run half-marathon; and Newcastle United Football Club. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself.[13][14][15][16] The city and the surrounding area created the new metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[16] Newcastle is locally governed by Newcastle City Council. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius ("Hadrian's bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields.[17] The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,[18] and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion. [19] Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon and Norman After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).[20] Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.[21] After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.[22] Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080.[21] The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.[21] The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.[21] The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.[21] Middle Ages Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland[13][14][15][16] and made a county of itself by Henry IV.[13][14][15][16] Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.[23] The town had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.[24] A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century,[25] to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.[13][16] 16th to 19th centuries An engraving by William Miller of Newcastle in 1832 From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538.[26] The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.[27] In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur Timothy Dexter, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.[28][29] Victoria Tunnel[30] In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.[31] They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population.[32] Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.[33] Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.[34] In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.[35] Newcastle city centre, 1917 In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge,[36] and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793,[36] with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century.[36] Some founder members of the Literary and Philosophical Society were abolitionists.[37] Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.[38] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.[39] The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.[40] The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.[41] In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.[42] This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.[43] In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.[44] The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2+1⁄2-mile (4 km) Victoria Tunnel, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes.[45] On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb.[46][47] Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.[48] Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour,[49] Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.[50] 20th and 21st centuries Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.[51] The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant[52] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.[53] With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901[54] and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.[55] Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,[56] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.[57] Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.[58] Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,[59] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013 [60] The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.[60] The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[61] View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954 Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954 During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.[62] A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.[63] The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as Newcastle University), which was founded in 1963,[64] followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the Northumbria University.[65] Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.[66] New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.[67] Based at St James' Park since 1886, Newcastle United F.C. became Football League members in 1893.[68] They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six FA Cups (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969.[69] They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for Blackburn Rovers and England striker Alan Shearer, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.[70] In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[71][72][73] In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.[74][75] In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.[76] Geography Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland. The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.[77] In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close. The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,[78] largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city[79][80] and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner,[81] describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet John Betjeman said of Grey Street, “As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning.”[82] The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners.[83][84] In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.[85] A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. 360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is Leazes Park, first opened to the public in 1873[86] after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions. View of St James’ Park and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead Another major green space in the city is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together[87][88] and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it.[87][88] The right extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof,[89] King Harald V of Norway,[90] Bobby Robson,[91] Alan Shearer,[92] the late Nelson Mandela[93] and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[94] The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.[95] In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is Exhibition Park, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. From 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.[96] Ouseburn The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the river finally reaches the River Tyne. The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.[97] The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.[97] Quayside Quayside architecture The area around the Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.[98] Large-scale regeneration efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the Millenium Bridge - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (the venue for the Turner Prize 2011)[99] and the Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces. Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside are the Tyne Salmon Cubes; a celebration of the River Tyne salmon[100] Grainger Town Main article: Grainger Town Grainger Street, circa 1906 The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street.[101] These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.[102] Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. Grey's Monument Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue,[103] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.[104] The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.[105] The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.[106] At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.[106] The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.[106] With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.[106] The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.[105] The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith, the leader of Newcastle City Council. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson, a property developer from Pontefract, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.[107] Chinatown Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.[108] Housing The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.[109] Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.[110] In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.[111] Significant Newcastle housing developments include Ralph Erskine's the Byker Wall designed in the 1960s, and now Grade II* listed. It is on UNESCO's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.[112] Climate Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh.[113] Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) on 3 August 1990[114] down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.[115] Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English Cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen, Denmark and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. Climate data for Newcastle (Met Office Durham) Extremes Newcastle MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear Record high °C (°F)14.0 (57.2)14.0 (57.2)21.0 (69.8)21.0 (69.8)25.0 (77.0)26.0 (78.8)29.0 (84.2)32.5 (90.5)21.0 (69.8)20.0 (68.0)18.0 (64.4)15.0 (59.0)32.5 (90.5) Average high °C (°F)6.6 (43.9)7.2 (45.0)9.5 (49.1)11.9 (53.4)15.0 (59.0)17.6 (63.7)20.1 (68.2)19.8 (67.6)17.2 (63.0)13.3 (55.9)9.4 (48.9)6.7 (44.1)12.9 (55.2) Daily mean °C (°F)3.8 (38.8)4.1 (39.4)5.9 (42.6)7.8 (46.0)10.6 (51.1)13.3 (55.9)15.6 (60.1)15.4 (59.7)13.1 (55.6)9.8 (49.6)6.4 (43.5)3.9 (39.0)9.2 (48.6) Average low °C (°F)0.9 (33.6)0.9 (33.6)2.3 (36.1)3.7 (38.7)6.1 (43.0)9.0 (48.2)11.1 (52.0)11.0 (51.8)9.0 (48.2)6.3 (43.3)3.4 (38.1)1.1 (34.0)5.4 (41.7) Record low °C (°F)−12.6 (9.3)−3.0 (26.6)−9.0 (15.8)−2.0 (28.4)−1.0 (30.2)1.0 (33.8)6.0 (42.8)3.0 (37.4)0.0 (32.0)−5.0 (23.0)−11.0 (12.2)−14.0 (6.8)−14.0 (6.8) Average rainfall mm (inches)52.3 (2.06)41.8 (1.65)44.6 (1.76)52.7 (2.07)44.2 (1.74)55.4 (2.18)54.0 (2.13)60.8 (2.39)55.4 (2.18)60.9 (2.40)72.0 (2.83)57.0 (2.24)651.1 (25.63) Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.49.39.79.59.29.79.09.69.311.312.311.7122 Mean monthly sunshine hours58.680.3115.5150.3181.7164.8172.3167.3134.5102.866.451.21,445.4 Source: Met Office[116] Environment Main article: North East Green Belt The city is located within the centre of the North East Green Belt, also known as the Tyne and Wear Green Belt.[117] The green belts stated aims[118] are to: Prevent the merging of settlements Safeguard the countryside from encroachment Check unrestricted urban sprawl Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt. The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first carbon neutral city"[119] however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.[120] Culture Nightlife The Gate complex on Newgate Street is a nightlife destination The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. 1 tourist attraction.[121] In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin)[122] and seventh place in the world.[123] There are many bars on the Bigg Market and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars), Neville Street, the Central Station area, Osborne Road in Jesmond and the wider Ouseburn area - home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars, the Quayside, and “The Gate", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular nightlife in the past decade and a half.[124] Newcastle's LGBT+ bars are focused on 'The Pink Triangle' in Times Square, surrounded by the Centre for Life.[125][126] Bigg Market Food The UK's largest bakery chain, Greggs, was founded and is headquartered in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world.[127] Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake. In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.[85] Newcastle is one of the seven UK cities with its own Chinatown, appropriately containing many Chinese restaurants. Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including Greek, Mexican, Spanish, Indian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Malaysian, French, American, Mongolian, Moroccan, Thai, Polish, Vietnamese and Lebanese. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's gourmet restaurant industry in recent years.[128][129][130] Theatre The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.[131] It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. Theatre Royal, Grey Street The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green.[132] It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.[133] The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.[134] Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre, Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.[135] Literature and libraries Avison Library on New Bridge Street West. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.[136] The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.[137][138] The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.[132] Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.[137] The old City library designed by Basil Spence,[139] was demolished in 2006[139] and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009[140] and was named after 18th century composer Charles Avison; the building was opened by Dr Herbert Loebl.[140] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.[141][142] Festivals and fairs In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.[143] The Newcastle Beer Festival, organised by CAMRA takes place in April each year.[144] Evolution Festival, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".[145][146] The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.[147][148] The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.[149] Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park.[150] The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.[151][152] The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.[153] Newcastle Mela, held on the late August Bank Holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures.[154] NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September.[155] In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.[156] The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.[157] Music Sting, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band The Police. See also: List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, Blaydon Races. The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go[158] on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting,[159] Bryan Ferry,[160] Dire Straits[161] and more recently Maxïmo Park.[162] There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock. Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC, with whom he'd release Back in Black, the 2nd best-selling studio album of all time,[163] and the 4th biggest seller in the USA.[163] Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler. His song "Local Hero" is played at St. James Park before the start of every Newcastle United home game.[164] Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982),[165] previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions, the management of The Lighthouse Family and home to recent successes Editors and Sirens. The 1990s boom in progressive house music saw the city's Global Underground record label publish mix CDs by the likes of Sasha, Paul Oakenfold, James Lavelle, and Danny Howells recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from Deep Dish and Adam Freeland.[166] Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the Royal Northern Sinfonia, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at The Sage, Gateshead. ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. Concert venues Metro Radio Arena The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest music venue in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat Metro Radio Arena, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.[167][168] Newcastle City Hall is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".[167] Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host indie and alternative bands.[167] On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity O2 Academy Newcastle opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by The Beatles and The Who.[169] The new venue was headlined by The Futureheads on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including Adele, Arctic Monkeys, Katy Perry, The Libertines, Blondie and Amy Winehouse.[170] O2 Academy Newcastle The Riverside music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted Nirvana's first European show in 1989.[171] The venue also welcomed Oasis, David Bowie and The Stone Roses and was named Best Regional Venue by NME in 1993.[172] Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.[173] In 2016 open-air concerts will take place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.[174][175][176] The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.[177] The Cluny in Ouseburn Valley is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".[178] Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and metal shows,[167] and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".[179] Independent Cinema Tyneside Cinema, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of Ridley and Tony Scott.[180] Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous Tyneside Cinema,[181] located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott[180] and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.[182] The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic[183] —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans. Museums and galleries There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life[184] with its Science Village;[185] the Discovery Museum[186] a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum;[187] in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);[188] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books;[141][142] the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;[189] and the Newburn Motor Museum.[190] The Laing Art Gallery, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the Google Cultural Institute,[191][192] an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. TV and film See also: Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne and Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939),[193] though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.[194] The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.[195] As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for I, Daniel Blake (2016) which won the Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival as well as the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film. The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000),[196] The One and Only (2002)[197] and Goal![198] have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.[199] The Bollywood film Hum Tum Aur Ghost (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around Grainger Town.[200] The film Public Sex (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge. Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.[201] Economy See also: List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. Newcastle is the commercial, educational and the cultural hub of North East England. Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA.[202] This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in Newcastle's Central Business District, located in the centre of the city (bounded by the Haymarket, Central Station and the Quayside areas). The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.[203] The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.[204] Retail South entrance of Northumberland Street In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.[205] There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.[206] It incorporates a Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis & Partners stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridge, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first department store.[207] Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),[208] a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,[209] sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.[208][209] Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.[210] The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.[211] This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.[212] Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.[213] It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest Fenwick department store, which houses some of the most luxurious designer labels, and one of the largest Marks and Spencer stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. On Blackett Street can be found the silversmith Reid & Sons which was established in the city in 1788.[214] Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.[215] Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead. Population Jesmond has become an affluent area and is popular with students. Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill is home to one of the largest Asian communities in North East England. Gosforth High Street in the north of the city. According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.[216] Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.[217] The wider metropolitan area of Tyneside-Wearside has a population of approximately 1,122,000. Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from Newcastle and Northumbria universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include Jesmond, Shieldfield, Gosforth, Sandyford, Spital Tongues and Heaton.[218] YearPopulation 180133,322 185180,184 1901246,905 1911293,944 1921309,820 1931326,576 1941333,286 1951340,155 1961323,844 1971308,317 1981272,923 1991277,723 2001259,573 2011292,200 Demographics Age According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years. Religion From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.[219] Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation. Ethnicity and nationality According to the 2011 census,[220] the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately white, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). Asians made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% Pakistani, 1.7% 'Bangladeshi', 1.8% 'Indian', 2.2% 'Chinese', 1.8% 'Asian other'). Black people make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is 'Arab' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities. Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick, Wingrove and Arthurs Hill.[221] According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).[221] In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.[222][223] Geordies Main article: Geordie The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.[224] Dialect The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words w

Ruins of Mar's Wark, Stirling, Scotland
John Erskine, Earl of Mar, was the keeper of Stirling Castle when he began construction of his magnificent townhouse Mar's Wark in the 1560s or 1570s. King James VI stayed here, and the house was repaired for use as a barracks during the 1715 Jacobite Rising. The façade is all that survives today of this courtyard townhouse, but it remains an impressive example of Renaissance architecture. Probably inspired by James V's palace at the castle up the hill, it has liberal embellishments, including heraldic panels, decorative gargoyles and statuettes. Opening times Open year-round. From the website: Please continue to follow government guidance, staying 2 metres away from other visitors, and bring your own hand sanitiser with you, to help keep everyone safe. Please check Scottish Government COVID 19 guidance before travelling/visiting |||

John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives the family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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STAGECOACH FIFE 659 L659HKS
L659HKS was a Volvo B6-50 / Alexander Dash B40F new as Stagecoach Fife Scottish number 659 in February 1994, seen in Kirkcaldy. It was sent to Glenvale Transport in August 2005, then returned to Fife in 2005 but was not used. The Barrhead Bus Co t/a Erskine Travel acquired it in March 2006, then it passed to the associated First Stop Travel a year later.

John Mahama receives family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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John Mahama receives family of the late General Emmanuel Alexander Erskine (Rtd.)
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Searching for a Plumber Erskine Park Team Open Now?

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Why use our plumbing services in Erskine Park?

litres of water is wasted a year from dripping tap

of water usage saved by using a energy efficient showerhead

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