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Plumber Cambridge Gardens

Looking for a local plumber in Cambridge Gardens, 2747? Plumbing Services Sydney is your local plumber solving plumbing problems, ranging from blocked drains, toilet repairs, bathroom renovation, to commercial plumbing.

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Kiran Jagdishwar

04:41 06 Jun 21

Jason was great to deal with. I obtained 3 plumbing quotes for a commercial property, Plumbing Services Sydney was the only plumber who arrived at the inspection time, and I had a competitive quote the very next day. No gimicks or attempts to gouge for extra work, just a precise and detailed quote for exactly what I wanted and Jason was able to complete the job the very next week. I would highly recommend Sydney Plumbing Services for all of your plumbing needs.

Zac Vereb

04:38 16 Mar 21

Easy to communicate with and came out on a Sunday for an emergency call out. Very knowledgeable and had all the gear to fix my problem. I would not hesitate to recommend Jason and his team. I’ll be using them again.

Glenn Tavner

09:14 14 Dec 20

Jvr M

21:10 18 Nov 20

Very professional and friendly plumbers. Highly recommended.

Avdic Admir

11:14 24 Oct 20

Very professional, honest and reliable tradesmen. There was regular correspondence and they turned up on time. Jason and Jack were very patient and explained everything in detail to me. They are both very knowledgeable and carried out the work to a high standard. Besides installing a number of taps and basin sets they also installed a tempering valve on my hot water system. They were very tidy and cleaned up afterwards and also took away the old tapware. I would highly recommend them with no hesitation.

Bailey Mcloughlin

05:30 10 Oct 20

Rasesh Koirala (REX)

13:30 01 Oct 20

Mohammed Chudoba

05:37 26 May 20

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OUR PLUMBING SPECIALS & DISCOUNTS

Save! Save! Save! Check more of our new and exciting deals by visiting our plumbing services pages. Call us now on 1300 237 246 to receive savings on plumbing!

Our professional experts aka JG Wilson Plumbing have over 20 years of combined experience when it comes to fixing plumbing problems in your area. We have licensed plumbers who are able to complete any plumbing job with perfection.

Our JG Wilson Plumbing experts take pride in excellent workmanship and are always the best when it comes to providing our clients.

Services of a Plumber

Best Emergency Plumbing Services Cambridge Gardens

The local plumbers at Cambridge Gardens are proud to build a strong relationship with our customers, whether they are residential or commercial.

It takes everybody within our team to be one of the best services. That’s why we take pride in every job we do. As licensed professionals, we commit ourselves at all times to providing every customer with the best possible service and workmanship.

You want your house to be a place you can call home. That is why you need a licensed, honest, dependable, and trustworthy plumber who can fix your plumbing problem at an affordable price. We have recently provided services in the following areas; Plumber Caddens, Plumber Claremont Meadows, Plumber Werrington, etc.

Why use our plumbing services in Cambridge Gardens?

Just give us a Call 1300 237 246 now, inform our Plumbing Services Cambridge Gardens workforce to fix it for you in no time!

litres of water is wasted a year from dripping tap

of water usage saved by using a energy efficient showerhead

of your washer’s electricity use going to heating water, you’ll save by using cold water

Fixed Price Local Plumbers in Cambridge Gardens

Our plumbing company is one of the best in Sydney, holding a certification in the state of NSW in addition to having a professional repute. See more on Facebook & Google Reviews.

Whenever needed, our plumbers work on a same day basis, and are ready to resolve all of your plumbing issues, that’s our promise.

Open 24/7 Affordable Plumbers, offering you top service during these hard times.

When you think of “Plumber near me” or “Best Plumbing Service Nearby“, you will be thinking of us as the #1 choice.

We consistently provide these plumbing services with the highest quality;

LOVE OUR SERVICE *

Our Plumber Cambridge Gardens workforce will refund our competitors service call cost up to $100 dollars with with every Repair over $1000 dollars Guaranteed *

The * is conditions apply.
Includes GST Mon-Friday 7am-3:20pm.
Written and supplied quotation to be reviewed, quotation must be within the last 20days from the current date. Doesn’t include CCTV surveys or areas outside the property alignment. Not to be appropriated with any other discount advertised.

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Blocked Drains in Cambridge Gardens

Having a blockage and not knowing where it came from can be very annoying.

Our Plumber workforce can assist you to locate the blockage and clear it for you utilising the most effective instruments and tools. Blocked drains could be messy and unhygienic if not attended to appropriately. That’s why you want a team of professionals to clear your drains and get them working as they need to.

If you live in Cambridge Gardens and experience blocked drains, talk to our friendly plumbing experts.

Leaking Tap Repairs Cambridge Gardens

It can be aggravating to have a tap leak and you could waste money on a new one. Make a phone call to our plumbing aid hotline today and we’ll fix your taps for you. We’re the tap experts.

We use our skilled contacts to get your leaking tap working better than before, saving you all the extra money you have to spend from buying a new tap. Our workforce of licensed plumbers gives you upfront pricing and recommendations on tap problems you might have. Call us Now for a quote.

Cambridge Gardens Toilet Repairs

If your toilets give you any problems because of a blockage, leak, faulty flush or foul odours, we can take care of them, by providing toilet repair service and making your bathroom a more comfortable space.

We will assess the issue and provide you with honest and sensible options so you’ll be able to have your bathroom working as soon as possible. Our team of experienced plumbers can also assist with the set-up of a brand new bathroom system and can discover the most effective system for you and your home. Contact us now for any bathroom repairs.

Hot Water Installation Cambridge Gardens

When it starts to get colder, you’re more likely to need hot water. We can provide quality hot water systems, where our plumbers are devoted to making sure your home has hot water all year around. Our trade information allows us to show you the proper way to keep up with your hot water system.

Repairs of hot water systems are carried out 24/7 by our licensed technicians. This will ensure your home has the most effective hot water running from all of your taps. For more information, please contact us near Cambridge Gardens!

Shower Repairs Cambridge Gardens

For all shower repairs, contact our team on our emergency hotline given below. We’re the main shower repair specialists in Cambridge Gardens. With many years of expertise behind us, We can fix your whole shower and bath, saving you time and money in the long run.

We’re outfitted with trade information and state-of-the-art tools to get your showers working again as soon as possible. For a fast and dependable service, contact us at any time.

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Plumber Services Sydney is here for all you plumbing needs 24/7. Call to get a free quote

1300 237 246

About Cambridge Gardens

Cambridge Gardens is a suburb of Sydney, in the acknowledge of New South Wales, Australia. Cambridge Gardens is located 54 kilometres west of the Sydney central event district, in the local government area of the City of Penrith and is share of the Greater Western Sydney region.

People who trust our plumbing services in Cambridge Gardens

New Toilet System and Bathroom Plumbing. Called a fair few places and this team is the best by far. Thanking you for an amazing plumbing service.

Gary Duffy

Hot Water Service called and they came the same day and installed my new Gas Hot Water system, thank you so much Plumbing Services Sydney.

Paula Pastao

Plumbing Services Sydney team is highly recommended they have great fixed rates. Honest Team.

Raj Savenneth

Love the work provided by Plumbing Services Sydney team, they fixed my blocked drain fast and came within the hour.

Jane Burgess

Plumbing Services FAQ’S

Some information about plumbing services that a lot of the Cambridge Gardens residents ask for. Looking for something specific? Contact us directly for more information.

Plumbing professionals deal with plumbing issues all day and night, so they know the cause through a single inspection, so the answer is YES you should because not doing so will cost you more time and money. If you make a mistake in your plumbing while doing it yourself, it may cost more to fix than if you had simply called a plumber. It is always suggested that you call one of our licensed plumbers in Cambridge Gardens.

Occasionally drains gurgle when they get blocked. When this happens, water drains slower, which causes air bubbles — the source of the sound.

A sink drains slowly if the pipes in the bathroom, kitchen, or laundry have become clogged. Water cannot freely flow through blocked pipes, so it takes longer for the drain to empty.

As locals, we will make sure you receive our services within a short period of calling us. Our emergency phone number is 1300 237 246.

Here are some ways to identify a gas leak:

A “rotten egg” smell
A constant hissing sound form where the gas supply pipes are fitted
Constant headaches and breathing problems to individuals in the house

This can be very dangerous as gas is extremely volatile, therefore needs to be handled by a professional. Our plumbers in Cambridge Gardens are licensed gas fitters and will provide a fast and quality service.

There are times when toilets may break down and need replacement. We provide an emergency toilet service 24/7 in Cambridge Gardens.

If you smell gas, we advise you to take precautions, shut off any appliances, and contact us if you suspect it is a gas leak.

We have a no call out fee policy if you follow up with the quote we provide on site, as well as a fixed price book.

The prices for plumbing services can be quoted in advance, by way of a fixed price book policy, or on the day of the job. You won’t be charged for anything hidden during the process. Things that weren’t known in advance that might cause issues to the job are usually dealt with in a civil manner.

We operate 24hrs a day, 7 days a week. So in short we are ready to take your call anytime.

Current Plumber Jobs Cambridge Gardens

Plumbing Services Sydney requires a Plumber in Cambridge Gardens with expertise in residential and commercial plumbing. If you possess the right qualifications and can maintain our reputation, then we welcome you to join us. It’s expected that you keep 24 hour attendance records, comply with the COVID 19 and show up at the sites every day. If you have any questions, email us.

A local plumber you can trust

Our plumbers like to live up to our motto ‘service made simple’ allowing our clients to have all their plumbing problems solved without any hassle.

Our qualified plumbers will provide you with the best quality workmanship as soon as you need it. We provide 24 hour emergency plumbing and give a lifetime warranty on all labour provided.

Been in Business For Over 20 Years

No hidden fees or costs

Same day service available

“Service Made Simple.”

Monochrome, The Hatton Gallery, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England.
The Hatton Gallery is Newcastle University's art gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is based in the University's Fine Art Building. The Hatton Gallery briefly closed in February 2016 for a £3.8 million redevelopment and reopened in 2017. The Fine Art Building of Newcastle University, home of the Hatton Gallery. The Hatton Gallery was founded in 1925, by the King Edward VII School of Art, Armstrong College, Durham University (Newcastle University's Department of Fine Art), in honour of Richard George Hatton, a professor at the School of Art.[1] Richard Hamilton's seminal Man, Machine and Motion was first exhibited at the Hatton in 1955 before travelling to the ICA,[2] so the Hatton can claim to have been the birthplace of Pop Art. In 1997, the University authorities voted to close down the gallery, but a widespread public campaign against the closure, leading to a £250,000 donation by Dame Catherine Cookson, ensured the survival of the gallery.[3] As part of the Great North Museum project, the gallery's future is secure. Unlike the university's other collections, the Hatton Gallery was not transferred into the Hancock, but remained in the Fine Art Building.[4] The Hatton Gallery closed on 27 February 2016 for a £3.8 million redevelopment and reopened in October 2017 with the exhibition Pioneers of Pop.[5][6] Exhibitions The permanent collection comprises over 3,500 works, from the 14th century onward – including paintings, sculptures, prints and drawings[7] – and starring the Merzbarn, the only surviving Merz construction by Kurt Schwitters, which was rescued from a barn near Elterwater in 1965[8] and is now permanently installed in the gallery. Other important artists represented in the collection include Francis Bacon, Victor Pasmore, William Roberts and Paolo di Giovanni, Palma Giovane, Richard Hamilton, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Thomas Bewick, Eduardo Paolozzi, Camillo Procaccini, Patrick Heron and Richard Ansdell. Watercolours by Wyndham Lewis, Thomas Harrison Hair and Robert Jobling are also held.[9] Important exhibitions held in the gallery in recent years include No Socks: Kurt Schwitters and the Merzbarn (1999)[10] and William Roberts (2004).[11] Newcastle upon Tyne (UK: /ˈnjuːkɑːsəl/ NEW-kah-səl, locally /njuːˈkæsəl/ (About this soundlisten) new-KASS-əl),[4] often simply Newcastle, is the most populous city and metropolitan borough in North East England. It forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Tyne's northern bank, approximately 8.5 mi (13.7 km) from the North Sea.[5] Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius[6][7] and the settlement later took the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. Historically, Newcastle's economy was dependent on its port. In particular, its status as one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres.[8] Today, the city's economy is diverse with major economic output in science, finance, retail, education, tourism, and nightlife. Newcastle is one of the UK Core Cities, as well as part of the Eurocities network.[9][10][11] Famous landmarks in Newcastle include the Tyne Bridge; the Swing Bridge; the Millennium Bridge; Newcastle Castle; Grey's Monument; and the Theatre Royal. Culturally, Newcastle is famed for its nightlife; bakery chain Greggs; television personalities Ant & Dec; the Great North Run half-marathon; and Newcastle United Football Club. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself.[12][13][14][15] The city and the surrounding area created the new metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.[15] Newcastle is locally governed by Newcastle City Council. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius ("Hadrian's bridge"), a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne. It was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain. The population of Pons Aelius then is estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrian's Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road. The course of the "Roman Wall" can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the "wall's end"—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields.[16] The extent of Hadrian's Wall was 73 miles (117 km), spanning the width of Britain; the Wall incorporated the Vallum, a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds,[17] and was built primarily for defence, to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of Pictish tribes from the north, not as a fighting line for a major invasion. [18] Newcastle Castle Keep is the oldest structure in the city, dating back to at least the 11th century. Anglo-Saxon and Norman After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and was known throughout this period as Munucceaster (sometimes modernised as Monkchester).[19] Conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the settlements along the River Tyne in ruins.[20] After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux.[21] Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080.[20] The town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or New Castle.[20] The wooden structure was replaced by a stone castle in 1087.[20] The castle was rebuilt again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city today dates from this period.[20] Middle Ages Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. In 1400 Newcastle was separated from Northumberland[12][13][14][15] and made a county of itself by Henry IV.[12][13][14][15] Newcastle was given the title of the county of the town of Newcastle upon Tyne.[22] The town had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589.[23] A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century,[24] to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.[12][15] 16th to 19th centuries An engraving by William Miller of Newcastle in 1832 From 1530, a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside, giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of Newcastle burgesses known as the Hostmen. This monopoly, which lasted for a considerable time, helped Newcastle prosper and develop into a major town. The phrase taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538.[25] The phrase itself means a pointless pursuit.[26] In the 18th century, the American entrepreneur Timothy Dexter, regarded as an eccentric, defied this idiom. He was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to Newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him; however, his shipment arrived on the Tyne during a strike that had crippled local production, allowing him to turn a considerable profit.[27][28] Victoria Tunnel[29] In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city, and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families.[30] They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s, about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population.[31] Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British city in this period.[32] Newcastle was once a major industrial centre particularly for coal and shipping During the English Civil War, the North declared for the King.[33] In a bid to gain Newcastle and the Tyne, Cromwell's allies, the Scots, captured the town of Newburn. In 1644, the Scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the Lawe in South Shields following a siege and the city was besieged for many months. It was eventually stormed ("with roaring drummes") and sacked by Cromwell's allies. The grateful King bestowed the motto "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans" ("Triumphing by a brave defence") upon the town. Charles I was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646–7.[34] Newcastle city centre, 1917 In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's fourth largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge,[35] and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793,[35] with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages, predated the London Library by half a century.[35] Some founder members of the Literary and Philosophical Society were abolitionists.[36] Newcastle also became a glass producer with a reputation for brilliant flint glass.[37] A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806.[38] The Great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead was a tragic and spectacular series of events starting on Friday 6 October 1854, in which a substantial amount of property in the two North East of England towns was destroyed in a series of fires and an explosion which killed 53 and injured hundreds.[39] The status of city was granted to Newcastle on 3 June 1882.[40] In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution.[41] This revolution resulted in the urbanisation of the city.[42] In 1817 the Maling company, at one time the largest pottery company in the world, moved to the city.[43] The Victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2+1⁄2-mile (4 km) Victoria Tunnel, built in 1842, which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes.[44] On 3 February 1879, Mosley Street in the city, was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb.[45][46] Newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting.[47] Innovations in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, Lord Armstrong's artillery, Be-Ro flour,[48] Joseph Swan's electric light bulbs, and Charles Parsons' invention of the steam turbine, which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity. In 1882, Newcastle became the seat of an Anglican diocese, with St. Nicholas' Church becoming its cathedral.[49] 20th and 21st centuries Newcastle's public transport system was modernised in 1901 when Newcastle Corporation Tramways electric trams were introduced to the city's streets, though these were replaced gradually by trolley buses from 1935, with the tram service finally coming to an end in 1950.[50] The city acquired its first art gallery, the Laing Art Gallery in 1904, so named after its founder Alexander Laing, a Scottish wine and spirit merchant[51] who wanted to give something back to the city in which he had made his fortune. Another art gallery, the Hatton Gallery (now part of Newcastle University), opened in 1925.[52] With the advent of the motor car, Newcastle's road network was improved in the early part of the 20th century, beginning with the opening of the Redheugh road bridge in 1901[53] and the Tyne Bridge in 1928.[54] Efforts to preserve the city's historic past were evident as long ago as 1934, when the Museum of Science and Industry opened,[55] as did the John G Joicey Museum in the same year.[56] Council housing began to replace inner-city slums in the 1920s, and the process continued into the 1970s, along with substantial private house building and acquisitions.[57] Unemployment hit record heights in Newcastle during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The city's last coal pit closed in 1956,[58] though a temporary open cast mine was opened in 2013 [59] The temporary open cast mine shifted 40,000 tonnes of coal, using modern techniques to reduce noise, on a part of the City undergoing redevelopment.[59] The slow demise of the shipyards on the banks of the River Tyne happened in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s.[60] View northwards from the Castle Keep, towards Berwick-on-Tweed in 1954 Panorama from Newcastle castle keep across the River Tyne to Gateshead in 1954 During the Second World War, the city and surrounding area were a target for air raids as heavy industry was involved in the production of ships and armaments. The raids caused 141 deaths and 587 injuries.[61] A former French consul in Newcastle called Jacques Serre assisted the German war effort by describing important targets in the region to Admiral Raeder who was the head of the German Navy.[62] The public sector in Newcastle began to expand in the 1960s. The federal structure of the University of Durham was dissolved. That university's colleges in Newcastle, which had been known as King's College, became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne (now known as Newcastle University), which was founded in 1963,[63] followed by a Newcastle Polytechnic in 1969; the latter received university status in 1992 and became the Northumbria University.[64] Further efforts to preserve the city's historic past continued in the later 20th century, with the opening of Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum in 1983 and Stephenson Railway Museum in 1986. The Military Vehicle museum closed in 2006.[65] New developments at the turn of the 21st century included the Life Science Centre in 2000 and Millennium Bridge in 2001.[66] Based at St James' Park since 1886, Newcastle United F.C. became Football League members in 1893.[67] They have won four top division titles (the first in 1905 and the most recent in 1927), six FA Cups (the first in 1910 and the most recent in 1955) and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1969.[68] They broke the world transfer record in 1996 by paying £15 million for Blackburn Rovers and England striker Alan Shearer, one of the most prolific goalscorers of that era.[69] In 2017, Newcastle was the venue for the 2017 Freedom City festival. The 2017 Freedom City festival commemorated the 50 years since Dr Martin Luther King's visit to Newcastle, where King received his honorary degree from Newcastle University.[70][71][72] In 2018 Newcastle hosted the Great Exhibition of the North, the largest event in England in 2018. The exhibition began on 22 June with an opening ceremony on the River Tyne, and ended on 9 September with the Great North Run weekend. The exhibition describes the story of the north of England through its innovators, artists, designers and businesses.[73][74] In 2019, various travel sites named Newcastle to be the friendliest city in the UK.[75] Geography Side, a street in Newcastle near the Tyne Bridge Since 1974, Newcastle has been a part of the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. The city is located on the north-western bank of the River Tyne, approximately 46 miles (74 km) south of the border with Scotland. The ground beneath the city is formed from Carboniferous strata of the Middle Pennine Coal Measures Group — a suite of sandstones, mudstones and coal seams which generally dip moderately eastwards. To the west of the city are the Upper Pennine Coal Measures and further west again the sandstones and mudstones of the Stainmore Formation, the local equivalent of the Millstone Grit.[76] In large parts, Newcastle still retains a medieval street layout. Narrow alleys or 'chares', most of which can only be traversed by foot, still exist in abundance, particularly around the riverside. Stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant Castle Keep, originally recorded in the 14th century, remain intact in places. Close, Sandhill and Quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries, including Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House and House of Tides, a restaurant situated at a Grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close. The city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as Tyneside Classical,[77] largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson. More recently, Newcastle architecture considered to be Tyneside classical has been extensively restored. Broadcaster and writer Stuart Maconie described Newcastle as England's best-looking city[78][79] and the German-born British scholar of architecture, Nikolaus Pevsner,[80] describes Grey Street as one of the finest streets in England. In 1948 the poet John Betjeman said of Grey Street, “As for the curve of Grey Street, I shall never forget seeing it to perfection, traffic-less on a misty Sunday morning.”[81] The street curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne and was voted England's finest street in 2005 in a survey of BBC Radio 4 listeners.[82][83] In the Google Street View awards of 2010, Grey Street came 3rd in the British picturesque category.[84] A portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, including all but one side of the original Eldon Square itself. 360° panoramic shot taken from the top of the Keep Immediately to the north-west of the city centre is Leazes Park, first opened to the public in 1873[85] after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation". Just outside one corner of this is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United FC which dominates the view of the city from all directions. View of St James’ Park and surrounding buildings, as seen from Gateshead Another major green space in the city is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together[86][87] and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it.[86][87] The right extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground; this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof,[88] King Harald V of Norway,[89] Bobby Robson,[90] Alan Shearer,[91] the late Nelson Mandela[92] and the Royal Shakespeare Company.[93] The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.[94] In the south-eastern corner of the Town Moor is Exhibition Park, which contains the only remaining pavilion from the North East Coast Exhibition of 1929. From 1970s until 2006 this housed the Newcastle Military Vehicle Museum; which closed in 2006. The pavilion is now being used as a microbrewery and concert venue for Wylam Brewery.[95] Ouseburn The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another recreation area, linked by Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the river finally reaches the River Tyne. The springtime dawn chorus at 55 degrees latitude has been described as one of the best in the world.[96] The dawn chorus of the Jesmond Dene green space has been professionally recorded and has been used in various workplace and hospital rehabilitation facilities.[96] Quayside Quayside architecture The area around the Tyne Gorge, between Newcastle on the north bank and Gateshead on the south bank, is the famous Newcastle-Gateshead Quayside. It is famed for its series of dramatic bridges, including the Tyne Bridge of 1928 which was built by Dorman Long of Middlesbrough, Robert Stephenson's High Level Bridge of 1849, the first road/rail bridge in the world, and the Swing Bridge of 1876.[97] Large-scale regeneration efforts have led to the replacement of former shipping premises with modern new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge - the Millenium Bridge - integrated the Quayside more closely with the Gateshead Quayside, home to the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (the venue for the Turner Prize 2011)[98] and the Norman Foster-designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. The Newcastle and Gateshead Quaysides are now a thriving, cosmopolitan area with bars, restaurants, hotels and public spaces. Seen here in 2008 on the Quayside are the Tyne Salmon Cubes; a celebration of the River Tyne salmon[99] Grainger Town Main article: Grainger Town Grainger Street, circa 1906 The historic heart of Newcastle is the Grainger Town area. Established on classical streets built by Richard Grainger, a builder and developer, between 1835 and 1842, some of Newcastle upon Tyne's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including Grainger Market, Theatre Royal, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street.[100] These buildings are predominantly four stories high, with vertical dormers, domes, turrets and spikes. Richard Grainger was said to 'have found Newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone'.[101] Of Grainger Town's 450 buildings, 244 are listed, of which 29 are grade I and 49 are grade II*. Grey's Monument Grey's Monument, which commemorates Prime Minister Earl Grey and his Reform Act of 1832, stands above Monument Metro Station and was designed and built by Edward Hodges Baily and Benjamin Green. Hodges, who also built Nelson's Column, designed and built the statue,[102] and the monument plinth was designed and built by Benjamin Green.[103] The Grainger Market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the Butcher Market.[104] The Grainger Market itself, was opened in 1835 and was Newcastle's first indoor market.[105] At the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in Europe.[105] The opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests, and the Laing Art Gallery has a painting of this event.[105] With the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the Market is largely in its original condition.[105] The Grainger Market architecture, like most in Grainger Town, which are either grade I or II listed, was listed grade I in 1954 by English Heritage.[104] The development of the city in the 1960s saw the demolition of part of Grainger Town as a prelude to the modernist rebuilding initiatives of T. Dan Smith, the leader of Newcastle City Council. A corruption scandal was uncovered involving Smith and John Poulson, a property developer from Pontefract, West Yorkshire, and both were imprisoned. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.[106] Chinatown Newcastle's thriving Chinatown lies in the north-west of Grainger Town, centred on Stowell Street. A new Chinese arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance, was handed over to the city with a ceremony in 2005.[107] Housing The Tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on Tyneside were growing most rapidly. They can still be found in areas such as South Heaton in Newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the Tyne.[108] Tyneside flats were built as terraces, one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat, each of two or three rooms. A new development in the Ouseburn valley has recreated them; Architects Cany Ash and Robert Sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas.[109] In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Royal Tunbridge Wells.[110] Significant Newcastle housing developments include Ralph Erskine's the Byker Wall designed in the 1960s, and now Grade II* listed. It is on UNESCO's list of outstanding 20th-century buildings.[111] Climate Data in Newcastle was first collected in 1802 by the solicitor James Losh.[112] Situated in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, Newcastle is amongst the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) on 3 August 1990[113] down to −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 29 December 1995.[114] Newcastle can have cool to cold winters, though usually warmer than the rural areas around it, and the winters are often compensated for by warm summers, with very long daylight hours in the summer months, longer than all other major English Cities. Newcastle upon Tyne shares the same latitude as Copenhagen, Denmark and southern Sweden. The nearest weather station to provide sunshine statistics is at Durham, about 14 miles (23 km) south of Newcastle City Centre. Durham's inland, less urbanised setting results in night-time temperature data about 1 degree cooler than Newcastle proper throughout the year. The green belts stated aims[117] are to: Prevent the merging of settlements Safeguard the countryside from encroachment Check unrestricted urban sprawl Assist in urban regeneration in the city-region by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land The green belt surrounds Brunswick Village, Dinnington, Callerton, Hazlerigg, Throckley, Walbottle, and Woolsington. Popular locations such as Ryton Island, Tyne Riverside Country Park, the city's golf courses, Newcastle Racecourse, and Newcastle International Airport fall inside the green belt. The city has been recognised for its commitment to environmental issues, with a programme planned for Newcastle to become "the first carbon neutral city"[118] however, those plans have been revised and they now hope to be carbon neutral by 2050.[119] Culture Nightlife The Gate complex on Newgate Street is a nightlife destination The Rough Guide to Britain placed Newcastle upon Tyne's nightlife as Great Britain's no. 1 tourist attraction.[120] In the Tripadvisor Travellers' Choice Destination Awards for Nightlife destinations, Newcastle was awarded third place in Europe (behind London and Berlin)[121] and seventh place in the world.[122] There are many bars on the Bigg Market and its adjoining streets. Other areas popular for nightlife include Collingwood Street (commonly referred to as the 'Diamond Strip' due to its concentration of high-end bars), Neville Street, the Central Station area, Osborne Road in Jesmond and the wider Ouseburn area - home to a variety of younger metropolitan bars, the Quayside, and “The Gate", located on Newgate Street, has become a popular venue for late-night entertainment in the past decade and a half.[123] Newcastle's LGBT+ bars are focused on 'The Pink Triangle' in Times Square, surrounded by the Centre for Life.[124][125] Bigg Market Food The UK's largest bakery chain, Greggs, was founded and is headquartered in Newcastle and has the greatest number of Greggs stores per capita in the world.[126] Local delicacies include pease pudding and stottie cake. In 2010, Osborne Road in Jesmond was awarded fourth place in the UK Google Street View awards for the "foodie" category.[84] Newcastle is one of the seven UK cities with its own Chinatown, appropriately containing many Chinese restaurants. Additionally, the city has a wide variety of cuisines available including Greek, Mexican, Spanish, Indian, Italian, Persian, Japanese, Malaysian, French, American, Mongolian, Moroccan, Thai, Polish, Vietnamese and Lebanese. There has also been a noticeable growth in Newcastle's gourmet restaurant industry in recent years.[127][128][129] Theatre The city has a proud history of theatre. Stephen Kemble of the well-known Kemble family managed the original Theatre Royal, Newcastle for fifteen years (1791–1806). He brought members of his famous acting family such as Sarah Siddons and John Kemble out of London to Newcastle. Stephen Kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons. The original Theatre Royal in Newcastle was opened on 21 January 1788 and was located on Mosley Street.[130] It was demolished to make way for Grey Street, where its replacement was built. Theatre Royal, Grey Street The city still contains many theatres. The largest, the Theatre Royal on Grey Street, first opened in 1837, designed by John and Benjamin Green.[131] It has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company for over 25 years, as well as touring productions of West End musicals.[132] The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent. Northern Stage, formally known as the Newcastle Playhouse and Gulbenkian Studio, hosts various local, national and international productions in addition to those produced by the Northern Stage company.[133] Other theatres in the city include the Live Theatre, the People's Theatre, Alphabetti Theatre, Gosforth Civic Theatre, and the Jubilee Theatre. NewcastleGateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the UK in a survey conducted by the Artsworld TV channel.[134] Literature and libraries Avison Library on New Bridge Street West. Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle has a strong reputation as a poetry centre. The Morden Tower, run by poet Tom Pickard, is a major venue for poetry readings in the North East, being the place where Basil Bunting gave the first reading of Briggflatts in 1965.[135] The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8,000 CDs and 10,000 LPs.[136][137] The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green.[131] Operating since 1793 and founded as a 'conversation club,' its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880.[136] The old City library designed by Basil Spence,[138] was demolished in 2006[138] and replaced. The new building opened on 21 June 2009[139] and was named after 18th century composer Charles Avison; the building was opened by Dr Herbert Loebl.[139] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books, opened in 2005 in the Ouseburn Valley.[140][141] Festivals and fairs In either January or February, Newcastle's Chinatown becomes the focus point of celebrations for the Chinese New Year with carnivals and parades. The Newcastle Science Festival, now called Newcastle ScienceFest, returns annually in early March.[142] The Newcastle Beer Festival, organised by CAMRA takes place in April each year.[143] Evolution Festival, a music festival that attracted tens of thousands of attendees, took place in May from 2002 until 2013 and was described as "the biggest festival Tyneside has ever staged".[144][145] The This Is Tomorrow festival now takes place over the spring bank holiday and is in the same location. The biennial AV Festival of international electronic art, featuring exhibitions, concerts, conferences and film screenings, is held in March. The North East Art Expo, a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists, is held in late May.[146][147] The Hoppings, the largest annual collection of travelling fairs in Europe, comes together on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s, and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.[148] Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest free community environmental festival, also takes place every June, in Leazes Park.[149] The Cyclone Festival of Cycling takes place within, or starting from, Newcastle in June.[150][151] The Northern Pride Festival and Parade is held in Leazes Park and in the city's Gay Community in mid July. The Ouseburn Festival, a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre, incorporating a "Family Fun Day" and "Carnival Day", is held in late July.[152] Newcastle Mela, held on the late August Bank Holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event that blends drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures.[153] NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September.[154] In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers.[155] The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.[156] Music Sting, principal songwriter, lead singer and bassist for English rock band The Police. See also: List of bands and musicians from Newcastle Upon Tyne Newcastle's vernacular music was a mixture of Northumbrian folk music and nineteenth-century songs with dialect lyrics, by writers such as George "Geordie" Ridley, whose songs include one which became an unofficial Tyneside national anthem, "Blaydon Races". The 1960s saw the internationally successful rock group The Animals emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go[157] on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting,[158] Bryan Ferry,[159] Dire Straits[160] and more recently Maxïmo Park.[161] There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including drum and bass, doom metal and post-rock. Lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song, "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), was covered by Geordie ex-footballer Paul Gascoigne in 1990. Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole, formed in Newcastle in 1979. Folk metal band Skyclad, often regarded as the first folk metal band, also formed in Newcastle after the break-up of Martin Walkyier thrash metal band, Sabbat. Andy Taylor, former lead guitarist of Duran Duran was born here in 1961. Brian Johnson was a member of local rock band Geordie before becoming the lead vocalist for Australian band AC/DC, with whom he'd release Back in Black, the 2nd best-selling studio album of all time,[162] and the 4th biggest seller in the USA.[162] Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler. His song "Local Hero" is played at St. James Park before the start of every Newcastle United home game.[163] Newcastle is the home of Kitchenware Records (c. 1982),[164] previously home to acclaimed bands such as Prefab Sprout, Martin Stephenson and the Daintees and The Fatima Mansions, the management of The Lighthouse Family and home to recent successes Editors and Sirens. The 1990s boom in progressive house music saw the city's Global Underground record label publish mix CDs by the likes of Sasha, Paul Oakenfold, James Lavelle, and Danny Howells recording mix compilations. The label is still going strong today with offices in London and New York, and new releases from Deep Dish and Adam Freeland.[165] Newcastle's leading classical music ensemble is the Royal Northern Sinfonia, which was founded in 1958 and performed regularly at Newcastle City Hall until 2004. Nowadays it is based at The Sage, Gateshead. ICMuS, Newcastle University's music department, has been a driving force for music in the region, producing innovative work, organising concerts and festivals, instigating the first degree programme in folk music in the British Isles, and engaging creatively with communities in the region. Concert venues Metro Radio Arena The largest venue used for music concerts is St James Park, home of Newcastle United, which has also previously been used for Rugby League games and the Olympic Games. The second largest music venue in Newcastle is the 11,000-seat Metro Radio Arena, which opened in 1995 and hosts major pop and rock concerts.[166][167] Newcastle City Hall is one of the oldest venues in the region and "attracts big names who are often legends of the past".[166] Both of the city's universities have venues that mainly host indie and alternative bands.[166] On 14 October 2005, the 2,000 capacity O2 Academy Newcastle opened. It had previously been a music venue in the 1960s, hosting concerts by The Beatles and The Who.[168] The new venue was headlined by The Futureheads on the opening night and known as the Carling Academy for a number of years. Since opening the venue has hosted performances by major bands and solo musicians including Adele, Arctic Monkeys, Katy Perry, The Libertines, Blondie and Amy Winehouse.[169] O2 Academy Newcastle The Riverside music venue on Melbourne Street, open from 1985 until 1999, notably hosted Nirvana's first European show in 1989.[170] The venue also welcomed Oasis, David Bowie and The Stone Roses and was named Best Regional Venue by NME in 1993.[171] Riverside has also been the subject of a book, Riverside: Newcastle's Legendary Alternative Music Venue.[172] In 2016 open-air concerts took place at Times Square for the first time, including performances from Maxïmo Park, Ocean Colour Scene and Catfish and the Bottlemen.[173][174][175] The small music venue Think Tank? was a nominee for Best Small Venue in NME in 2015.[176] The Cluny in Ouseburn Valley is "one of the most important venues for breaking bands in the region".[177] Trillians Rock Bar is well-noted for its rock and metal shows,[166] and The Head of Steam is a 90-capacity basement venue described as "one of Newcastle's staple venues".[178] Independent Cinema Tyneside Cinema, designed and built by Dixon Scott, great uncle of Ridley and Tony Scott.[179] Newcastle has multiple independent cinemas, including the famous Tyneside Cinema,[180] located on Pilgrim Street. It originally opened as the 'Bijou News-Reel Cinema' in 1937, and was designed and built by Dixon Scott, great-uncle of film directors Ridley Scott[179] and Tony Scott. The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008; during the refurbishment works, the cinema relocated to the Old Town Hall, Gateshead. In May 2008 the Tyneside Cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building.[181] The site currently houses three cinemas, including the restored Classic[182] —the United Kingdom's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens, and dedicated education and teaching suites. As well as this, the city is home to The Side Cinema and Star and Shadow Cinema which are both small venues which have built up cult audiences of film fans. Museums and galleries There are several museums and galleries in Newcastle, including the Centre for Life[183] with its Science Village;[184] the Discovery Museum[185] a museum highlighting life on Tyneside, including Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions which changed the world; the Great North Museum;[186] in 2009 the Newcastle on Tyne Museum of Antiquities merged with the Great North Museum (Hancock Museum);[187] Seven Stories, the National Centre for Children's Books;[140][141] the Side Gallery with historical and contemporary photography from around the world and Northern England;[188] and the Newburn Motor Museum.[189] The Laing Art Gallery, similarly to other art galleries and museums around the world, has collections digitised on the Google Cultural Institute,[190][191] an initiative that makes important cultural material accessible online. TV and film See also: Category:Films set in Newcastle upon Tyne and Category:Television shows set in Newcastle upon Tyne The earliest known film featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939),[192] though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The gangster thriller Get Carter (1971) was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the early 1970s.[193] The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the film noir Stormy Monday (1988), directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.[194] As well as this, Newcastle was used as the location for I, Daniel Blake (2016) which won the Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival as well as the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film. The city has been the setting for films based around football; films such as Purely Belter (2000),[195] The One and Only (2002)[196] and Goal![197] have all been focused around Tyneside. The comedy School for Seduction (2004), starring Kelly Brook was also filmed in Newcastle.[198] The Bollywood film Hum Tum Aur Ghost (2010) was shot on location in Newcastle's city centre and features key scenes in and around Grainger Town.[199] The film Public Sex (2009) was shot in and around Newcastle, and features several scenes under and around the Tyne Bridge. Crime drama Harrigan (2013) was filmed in the city as well as Gateshead and Teesside.[200] Economy See also: List of companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle played a major role during the 19th-century Industrial Revolution, and was a leading centre for coal mining, shipbuilding, engineering, munitions and manufacturing. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the 20th century; with office, service and retail employment now becoming the city's staples. Newcastle is the commercial, educational and the cultural hub of North East England. Today, Newcastle's economy contributes around £13 billion to the UK GVA.[201] This figure is mostly produced by corporate activity in Newcastle's Central Business District, located in the centre of the city (bounded by the Haymarket, Central Station and the Quayside areas). The city's thriving nightlife is estimated to be worth £340 million per year, and consequently is seen as a major contributor to Newcastle's economy.[202] The UK's first biotechnology village, the Centre for Life, is located by Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a science city.[203] Retail South entrance of Northumberland Street, now pedestrianised In 2010, Newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the UK.[204] There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle City Centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square Shopping Centre, one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the UK.[205] It incorporates a Debenhams store as well as one of the largest John Lewis & Partners stores in the UK. This John Lewis branch was formerly known as Bainbridge, established in 1838, often cited as the world's first department store.[206] Emerson Bainbridge (1817–1892),[207] a pioneer and the founder of Bainbridge,[208] sold goods via department, a new arrangement of trade for that time. The Bainbridge official ledgers reported revenue by department, giving birth to the name department store.[207][208] Eldon Square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment. A new bus station, replacing the old underground bus station, was officially opened in March 2007.[209] The wing of the centre, including the undercover Green Market, near Grainger Street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped.[210] This was completed in February 2010 with the opening of a Debenhams department store as well as other major stores including Apple, Hollister and Guess.[211] Central Arcade, Newcastle upon Tyne The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK for rent, outside London.[212] It is home to two major department stores including the first and largest Fenwick department store, which houses some of the most luxurious designer labels, and one of the largest Marks and Spencer stores outside London. Both stores have entrances into Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Other shopping destinations in Newcastle include Grainger Street and the area around Grey's Monument, the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, Central Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. On Blackett Street can be found the silversmith Reid & Sons which was established in the city in 1788.[213] Outside the city centre, the largest suburban shopping areas are Gosforth and Byker. The largest Tesco store in the United Kingdom is located in Kingston Park on the edge of Newcastle.[214] Close to Newcastle, the largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, the MetroCentre, is located in Gateshead. Population Jesmond has become an affluent area and is popular with students. Stanhope Street in Arthur's Hill is home to one of the largest Asian communities in North East England. Gosforth High Street in the north of the city. According to the ONS, Newcastle had a population of 293,000 in 2015.[215] Tyneside (made up of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs of Gateshead, North Tyneside and South Tyneside) has a population of approximately 880,000, making it the eighth most populous urban area in the UK.[216] The wider metropolitan area of Tyneside-Wearside has a population of approximately 1,122,000. Additionally, Newcastle is home to a large temporary population of students from Newcastle and Northumbria universities. Areas of suburban Newcastle with significant student populations include Jesmond, Shieldfield, Gosforth, Sandyford, Spital Tongues and Heaton.[217] Year Population 1801 33,322 1851 80,184 1901 246,905 1911 293,944 1921 309,820 1931 326,576 1941 333,286 1951 340,155 1961 323,844 1971 308,317 1981 272,923 1991 277,723 2001 259,573 2011 292,200 Demographics Age According to the same statistics, the average age of people living in Newcastle is 37.8 years, compared to the national average being of 38.6 years. Religion From the 2011 Census, two significant religions could be identified in the city: Christian and Muslim. 56.6% of Newcastle identified as Christian and 6.3% as Muslim.[218] Over 28% stated they have no religious affiliation. Ethnicity and nationality According to the 2011 census,[219] the metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne was predominately white, representing 85.3% of the population (including non-British white). Asians made up 9.8% of the population (2.3% Pakistani, 1.7% 'Bangladeshi', 1.8% 'Indian', 2.2% 'Chinese', 1.8% 'Asian other'). Black people make up a small proportion of the population (1.7% 'Black African', 0.1% 'Black Caribbean' and 0.1% 'Black other'), as do mixed race groups at 1.6% (0.6% 'Asian and White', 0.3% 'White and Caribbean', 0.3% 'White and African', 0.4% 'White and Other'). The last significantly sized ethnic community in Newcastle is 'Arab' at 0.9%. The remainder of the population, 0.5%, represent other ethnicities. Large populations of ethnic minorities can be found in areas such as Elswick, Wingrove and Arthurs Hill.[220] According to the 2011 UK Census, those born outside the UK were mainly from India (3,315), China (3,272), Pakistan (2,644), Bangladesh (2,276), Poland (1,473), Germany (1,357), Nigeria (1,226), Iran (1,164), Hong Kong (1,038) and Ireland (942).[220] In the North East, Newcastle was the most ethnically diverse district followed by Middlesbrough. There are also small but significant Chinese, Jewish and Eastern European populations. The International Organization for Migration states there are estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 Bolivians in Newcastle, one of the largest populations in any city in the UK.[221][222] Geordies Main article: Geordie The regional nickname for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. The Latin term Novocastrian can equally be applied to residents of any place called Newcastle, although it is most commonly used for ex-pupils of the city's Royal Grammar School.[223] Dialect The dialect of Newcastle is also referred to as Geordie. It contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive words and pronunciations not used in other parts of the United Kingdom. The Geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the Anglo-Saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of England after the end of Roman Imperial rule. This language was the forerunner of Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language. An example of this is the pronunciation of certain words: "dead", "cow", "house" and "strong" are pronounced "deed", "coo", "hoos" and "strang"—which is how they were pronounced in the Anglo-Saxon language. Other Geordie words with Anglo-Saxon origins include: "larn" (from the Anglo-Saxon "laeran", meaning "teach"), "burn" ("stream") and "gan" ("go").[224] According to the British Library, "Locals insist there are significant differences between Geordie and several other local dialects, such as Pitmatic and Mackem. Pitmatic is the dialect of the former mining areas in County Durham and around Ashington to the north of Newcastle upon Tyne, while Mackem is used locally to refer to the dialect of the city of Sunderland and the surrounding urban area of Wearside".[225] "Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia;[226] barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty") and "stot" ("bounce") are used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out, "nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hockle" ("spit").[227] Health Royal Victoria Infirmary According to research from 2011, public health and levels of deprivation in Newcastle upon Tyne was generally worse than average in England.[228] As levels of deprivation is considerably higher than the nationwide average, sociologists argue that as a result, the life expectancy for both men and women is lower than the nationwide average. There is significant discrepancy between life expectancies in wealthy areas and deprived areas, with life expectancy up to 14.3 years lower for men and 11.1 years lower for women in deprived areas than in wealthy areas.[229] From 2015 to 2019 Newcastle became relatively more deprived according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation.[230] From 2001 to 2011, as with all UK cities all-cause mortality rates have fallen, life expectancy has increased. Early death rates from cancer and from heart disease and stroke have fallen but remain worse than the England average. Almost 21.9% of Year 6 children are clinically obese. In 2014/5, 35.9% of 10 to 11-year-olds were classified as overweight or obese, in comparison to a national average of 33.2%.[231] 54.9% of pupils meet the recommendation of at least three hours each week on school sport. Levels of teenage pregnancy are higher than the nationwide average. In 2011, GCSE attainment amongst school children was worse than the England average.[232] Estimated numbers of adults 'healthy eating' are lower than the England average.[233] Rates of smoking-related deaths[234] and hospital stays for alcohol-related harm are higher than average.[235] Newcastle remains one of the few major cities in England to supply fluoridated water; this scheme is directed by Northumbria Water plc.[236] Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has one of the lowest mortality rates in the country and is ranked seventh in the country for confidence in doctors.[citation needed] Newcastle has two large teaching hospitals: the Royal Victoria Infirmary and the Freeman Hospital, which is also a pioneering centre for transplant surgery. In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London and Widex, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK with an average noise level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city's residents.[237] The report was criticised, however, for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations, which in Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access.[238] As well as numerous parks, open spaces, and extensive riverside areas, puzzlingly the report also overlooked the 1000-acre Town Moor at the heart of the city. Larger than London's Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath combined,[239] and even larger than New York's Central Park, the town moor dates back to the 12th century, with the land tenure and its use being regulated by an Act of Parliament. Sport Inside St James' Park – home of Newcastle United Football Club – looking towards the city centre The city has a strong sporting tradition. Football club Newcastle United has been based at St James' Park since the club was established in 1892, although any traces of the original structure are now long gone as the stadium now holds more than 52,000 seated spectators, being England's seventh largest football stadium.[240] The city also has non-League football clubs, Newcastle Benfield, West Allotment Celtic, Team Northumbria and Heaton Stannington. There is a women's football team, Newcastle United Women's Football Club, founded in 1989. Newcastle United WFC currently has 40 ladies aged between 16 and 29 years signed or associated with the club, and plays in the FA Women's Premier League (North).[241] The Newcastle Falcons are the only rugby union team in north-east England to have played in the Aviva Premiership. They play at Kingston Park Stadium in the northern suburb of Kingston Park. 1996 Pilkington Shield winners Medicals RFC are also based in Newcastle. Newcastle Thunder (formerly Gateshead Thunder) are a professional rugby league club based in the city who now also play at Kingston Park Stadium. They currently play in the Kingstone Press League 1. Since 2015, the Super League Magic Weekend has been played annually in the city at St James' Park. Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park.[242] The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University.[243] The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL).[244] The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields.[245] Another athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.[246] The 2012 London Olympic committee selected Newcastle as one of the UK host venue cities,[247][248] with the stadium St James' Park hosting 9 matches in both the men's and women's football.[249] The Newcastle Warriors were a professional ice hockey team that played the 1995–96 season in the British Hockey League. The Newcastle Vipers were also a professional ice hockey team in the British National League from 2002 and then the Elite Ice Hockey League between 2005 and 2011 (when the team folded). Newcastle upon Tyne was one of the 11 host cities for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.[250] St James' Park hosted three matches; South Africa v. Scotland (3 October 2015) New Zealand v. Tonga (9 October 2015) Samoa v. Scotland (10 October 2015) Transport Air Main article: Newcastle International Airport Aircraft at Newcastle International Airport. Newcastle International Airport is situated on the northern outskirts of the city at Woolsington, near to Ponteland. It is the largest and busiest airport in North East England and the second largest and busiest in Northern England (behind Manchester), handling over five million passengers per year. It is also the tenth-largest, and the fastest growing regional airport in the UK,[251] expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016, and 15 million by 2030.[252] As of 2007, Newcastle Airport operates flights to 90 destinations worldwide.[253] The airport is serviced by numerous airlines including British Airways, Jet2, easyJet, Emirates, Ryanair, Air France, TUI Airways, Loganair, KLM and Eurowings. The airport is connected to Central Newcastle by the Tyne and Wear Metro, with an average journey between Central Station Metro station and Newcastle Airport Metro station taking approximately 20 minutes. Rail Central Station. Newcastle Central Station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line and Cross Country Route. It is one of the busiest stations in Britain.[254] Train operator London North Eastern Railway[255] provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a variable journey time of between two and three hours, and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh Waverley and a small number of trains extended to Glasgow Central, Aberdeen and Inverness.[256] CrossCountry links Newcastle with destinations in Yorkshire, the Midlands and the South West. TransPennine Express operates services to the North West. Northern Trains provide local and regional services. Additionally, ScotRail offer an infrequent service to Glasgow Central. In 2014, work was completed on the station's historic entrance.[254] Glazing was placed over the historic arches and the Victorian architecture was enhanced; transforming the 19th century public portico.[254] The station is one of only six Grade One listed railway stations in the UK.[254] Opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the UK. It has a neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson.[257][258] The station sightlines towards the Castle Keep, whilst showcasing the curvature of the station's arched roof.[254] The first services were operated by the North Eastern Railway company. The other mainline station in Newcastle is Manors, exclusively served by Northern Trains. Metro Main article: Tyne and Wear Metro Map of the Tyne and Wear Metro The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Newcastle and the surrounding metropolitan boroughs. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system.[259] The network was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations, with deep-level tunnels constructed through Central Newcastle.[260][261] A bridge was built across the Tyne, between Newcastle and Gateshead, and opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981.[262] Extensions to the network were opened in 1991 and 2002.[263] It is operated directly by Nexus, carrying over 37 million passengers a year.[264] In 2004, the company Marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground Metro system.[265] The Metro system was the first in the UK to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels.[266] The Metro consists of two lines. The Green line begins at Newcastle Airport, goes through Central Newcastle and into the City of Sunderland, terminating at South Hylton. The yellow line starts at St James, runs north of the river alongside Byker towards Whitley Bay, before returning to Central Newcastle, then connecting to Gateshead Interchange before finally terminating at South Shields. The system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernisation, entitled 'Metro: All Change.' The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations – part of the transition to smart ticketing. All Metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works (or in some cases complete reconstruction, for example North Shields). In addition; tracks, signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled.[267] Longer-term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system. Proposed routes include to Newcastle's west end, to the Cobalt Business Park in North Tyneside, to the Metrocentre in Gateshead and to additional locations in Gateshead, South Tyneside and Sunderland. Several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains.[268] Road Tyne Bridge Major roads in the area include the A1 (Newcastle Gateshead Western Bypass), stretching north to Edinburgh and south to London; the A19 heading south past Sunderland and Middlesbrough to York and Doncaster; the A69 heading west to Carlisle; the A696, which becomes the A68 heads past Newcastle Airport and up through central Northumberland and central Scottish Borders, the A167, the old "Great North Road", heading south to Gateshead, Chester-le-Street, Durham and Darlington; and the A1058 "Coast Road", which runs from Jesmond to the east coast between Tynemouth and Cullercoats. Many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the Western Bypass, and its designation as the new line of the A1, the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel were renumbered, with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix[269] to their present 1-prefix numbers. In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed.[270] Bus Bus services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part are coordinated by the Tyne & Wear Passenger Transport Executive.[271] Stagecoach North East is the primary bus operator in the city, running city services between both the West and East ends, with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Go North East provides the majority of services to and from the south of the Tyne, linking Newcastle with Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Arriva North East runs numerous services to the north of city, North Tyneside and Northumberland. Additionally, QuayLink connects Newcastle and Gateshead to the Quayside. Newcastle Central coach station is the city's main hub for long-distance services, such as those operated by National Express. Other major bus departure points are Pilgrim Street (for buses running south of the Tyne via Gateshead), and Blackett Street/Monument for services to the East and West of the city. Many bus services also pass Newcastle Central Station, a major interchange for rail and metro services.[272] Cycling Newcastle is accessible by several mostly traffic-free cycle routes that lead to the edges of the city centre, where cyclists can continue into the city by road, using no car lanes. The traffic-free C2C cycle route runs along the north bank of the River Tyne, enabling cyclists to travel off-road to North Shields and Tynemouth in the east, and westwards towards Hexham. Suburban cycle routes exist, which use converted trackbeds of former industrial wagonways and industrial railways. A network on Tyneside's suburban Victorian waggonways is being developed.[273] A network of signed on-road cycle routes is being established,

#654 - The guardian of the abyss also likes cute gifts.
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Cam botanical puffs
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Cambridge
Cambridge graduation

Cambridge
Christ's College library, Cambridge 15 September 2018.

"Cowbridges" by Glynn Thomas RE, at the University Arms, Cambridge, 1st July 2021 (5)
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"Cowbridges" by Glynn Thomas RE (detail), at the University Arms, Cambridge, 1st July 2021 (7)
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England goes into Covid Plan B
Cambridge 29 Jan 2021. Face coverings mandatory again in most public venues from Friday 10 December.

Cambridge
St John’s College, Cambridge

Arts Theatre Christmas tree
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Cambridge
Garret Hostel Bridge, Cambridge December 2020. Photo unedited, straight from iPhone.

Cambridge
Jesus Green, Cambridge Dec 2020. Photo unedited, straight from iPhone.

DRS Class 68017 Ely.
DRS Class 68017 whirls away at Ely waiting to head off towards Cambridge after changing ends with 3S50 Stowmarket to stowmarket via Ely , Cambridge and dullingam but shortly after arriving at Ely it was then given the path to proceed back towards stowmarket via soham due to reports off bad adhesion at soham area.After arriving at soham/Chippenham junction 3S50 then reversed again and returned to Ely then shortly continued on with its diagram. Another add-on to this photo is that the DRS Class 68 was only one off two class 68’s used on this years DRS Anglian RHTT 2021 season. 68017 and 68033 was the only two to visit this year. 7/12/2021.

Cambridge
Cambridge 31 Dec 2015

Cambridge
Cambridge 21 Dec 2014

Cambridge
Cambridge 23 Jul 2018

Cambridge
Cambridge 26 Jul 2018

Cambridge
Cambridge graduation, 24 Mar 2018 - Pembroke College

Cambridge
Cambridge graduation, 24 Mar 2018

Proper bus on the 8
Another bash designed around the W15 today, so I needed to get from London to Hackney. No winners around on the 26 or 388 but fear not as I was able to have my first ride on the 8 for some years as 12308 was found substituting for an LT. It’s seen crossing Cambridge Heath Road after I alighted at the Bethnal Green Station stop. 8.12.21.

The gloves were off
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Pause, Breathe
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gull fly by
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